Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Executive Summary
Introduction
Chapter 1: Global Economic Inequality: Insights
Global Income and Wealth Inequality Between Individuals: Initial Insights
Global Income and Wealth Inequality Between Countries
Income Inequality Varies Significantly Across Regions
The Geographical Repartition of Global Incomes
The Limited Impact of Redistribution on Global Inequality
The Complementarity Between Predistribution and Redistribution
The Extreme Concentration of Capital
Box 1.2 The WID.world and Distributional National Accounts Project
Box 1.3 The Rich Ecosystem of Global Inequality Data Sets
Box 1.5 Impact of the Covid Shock on Inequality Within Countries
Box 1.6 What is the Relationship Between Gross Domestic Product, National Income and National Wealth?
Box 1.7 Comparing Incomes, Assets and Purchasing Power Across the Globe
Chapter 2: Global Inequality from 1820 to Now: The Persistence and Mutation of Extreme Inequality
Global Inequality Rose Between 1820 and 1910, and Stabilized at a High Level Since Then
Within-Country and Between-Country Inequalities Are As Great in 2020 As in 1910
The Global Economic Elite Never Fully Recovered Its Belle Époque Opulence
The Regional Decomposition of Global Inequality: Back to 1820?
Understanding the Roots of Global Economic Inequality: Center and Periphery Imbalances
Global Inequality Within Countries is Higher Than Inequality Between Countries – Which Remains Significant
Box 2.1 Global Inequality: Beyond Income Measures
Chapter 3: Rich Countries, Poor Governments
What is Wealth and What Does Owning Capital Mean?
Global Private and Public Wealth: Insights
The Secular Fall of Public Wealth was Exacerbated by the Covid-19 Crisis
The Rise of Private Wealth in Emerging Countries
The Decline of Public Wealth Across the World
Net Foreign Wealth has Largely Increased in East Asia and Fallen in North America
Financialization Increased Everywhere Since 1980, But at Different Speeds
Economies are Increasingly Owned by Foreigners But Some have Resisted This Trend More Than Others
Box 3.1 How do We Measure Wealth Inequality Within Countries?
Chapter 4: Global Wealth Inequality:
The Rise of Multimillionaires
Global Wealth Data Remain Opaque
How Large is Global Wealth and Where is It Held?
The Uneven Increase in Wealth Since the 1990s
Extreme Growth at the Very Top
The Evolution of Wealth Inequality in Rich Countries
Wealth Inequality in Emerging Countries
What is Driving Global Wealth Inequality?
Box 4.2 How Do We Measure Wealth Inequality?
Chapter 5: Half the Sky? The Female Labor Income Share from a Global Perspective
Female Labor Income Share Across the World Today: Regional Divides
Evolution of Women’s Income Share Across the World
Women Earn Just a Third of Labor Income Across the Globe
The Role of Pay Ratios vs. Employment Ratios
Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Women at the Top of the Wage Distribution
Box 5.1 Methodology
Box 5.2 Gender Inequality Metrics
Chapter 6: Global Carbon Inequality
The Need for Better Monitoring of Global Ecological Inequalities
Global Carbon Inequality: Initial Insights
Emissions Embedded in Goods and Services Increase Carbon Inequalities Between Regions
Per Capita Emissions Have Risen Substantially Among the Global Top 1%
Inequalities Within Countries Now Represent the Bulk of Global Emissions Inequality
Addressing the Climate Challenge in Unequal Societies
Box 6.1 Measuring Carbon Inequality Between Individuals
Box 6.2 Carbon Footprints of the Very Wealthy
Chapter 7: The Road to Redistributing Wealth
Why Tax Wealth?
Modernizing Personal Wealth Taxation
Estimates for a Global Progressive Wealth Tax
Regional Wealth Tax Estimates
Factoring-in Behavioral Responses to Wealth Taxation
Box 7.1 Learning from Past and Current Examples of Progressive Wealth Taxation
Chapter 8: Taxing Multinationals or Taxing Wealthy Individuals?
The Role of Corporate Tax in the Progressivity of the Tax System
The Decline in Corporate Taxation Since the 1980s
The Promises and Pitfalls of Minimum Taxation
Chapter 9: Global vs Unilateral Perspectives on Tax Justice
Usefulness of Unilateral Approaches: The Case of FATCA
Estimates of Unilateral vs. Multilateral Tax Deficit Collection
Anti-tax Evasion Schemes Contain Many Loopholes and Cannot be Assessed
Properly Assessing the Road Towards Tax Transparency: Publishing Basic Information
Towards a Global Asset Register
Box 9.1 Central Security Depositories as Building Blocks for a Global Financial Register
Chapter 10: Emancipation, Redistribution and Sustainability
The Rise of the Welfare State in Rich Countries (1910-1980)
The Limited Rise of Tax Revenue and Public Spending in Emerging Countries Since 1980
Lessons from Failed Trickle-Down Economics
The 1980-2020s Have Been Marked by a Rise of Tax Evasion, Further Undermining Tax Progressivity
Using 21st-Century Progressive Tax Revenue to Invest in Education, Healthcare and the Environment
Box 10.1 One-Off Wealth Taxes: A Window of Opportunity?
Ending Center-Periphery Imbalances
Box 10.2 Unequal Access to Healthcare: How the Covid Crisis Revealed and Exacerbated Healthcare Inequalities Between Countries
Country-sheets
Glossary
Algeria
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
China
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Israel
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Morocco
Nigeria
Poland
Russia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States