Portugal’s poor military performance in the First World War, notably in Africa, restricted Afonso Costa's (1871-1937) ability to secure his diplomatic aims which, in any case, were highly unrealistic. Nevertheless, his loyal press in Portugal described him as the ‘leader of the small nations’, and reported his every statement as a major triumph. Afonso Costa’s most important intervention took place in May 1919, when he denounced the Allies' unwillingness to make Germany pay for all the damage she had caused during the conflict; this speech led to a number of newspaper interviews in which Costa restated his position. The final draft of the Treaty was a complete shock to Portuguese public opinion: It effectively spelt the end of Costa’s political career. This book considers the political implications of Portugal’s participation in the First World War and of the ‘defeat’ in Paris. Reconciliation between the rival parties – and between factions within parties – became impossible, as did, as a result, the formation of a stable cabinet.

Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses is Senior Lecturer in the Department of History at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. In 2005-6 he was an Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Research Fellow and Investigador Visitante at the Instituto de Ci?cias Sociais (University of Lisbon). A specialist in contemporary Portuguese and Spanish history, his publications include Franco and the Spanish Civil War (2001), Portugal 1914-1926: From the First World War to Military Dictatorship (2004) and many contributions to history journals. He is currently writing a biography of Salazar.