Cover
Copyright
About This Report
Summary
Contents
Figures and Table
Objective and Background
Research Approach
Defining Escalation
Report Organization
Lessons Learned About Russian Escalation Decisions
Russia’s Wartime Decisions on Escalation
The Risks of Inadvertent Escalation
The Risks of Deliberate Escalation
Summary
Learning from Russian Escalation Decisions in the Conflict to Date
U.S. and NATO Efforts to Manage Escalation Risks
The Problem of Nuclear Escalation
Implications for U.S. and NATO Policymakers
Implications for Future Crises and Conflicts
Abbreviations
References