Exploration, Religion and Empire in the Sixteenth-century Ibero-Atlantic World: A New Perspective on the History of Modern Science
Exploration, Religion and Empire in the Sixteenth-century Ibero-Atlantic World: A New Perspective on the History of Modern Science
by Mauricio Nieto Olarte
Amsterdam University Press, 2022 eISBN: 978-90-485-4454-7 (PDF)
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | REVIEWS | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
The Iberian conquest of the Atlantic at the beginning of the sixteenth century had a notable impact on the formation of the new world order in which Christian Europe claimed control over most a considerable part of the planet. This was possible thanks to the confluence of different and inseparable factors: the development of new technical capacities and favorable geographical conditions in which to navigate the great oceans; the Christian mandate to extend the faith; the need for new trade routes; and an imperial organization aspiring to global dominance. The author explores new methods for approaching old historiographical problems of the Renaissance—such as the discovery and conquest of America, the birth of modern science, and the problem of Eurocentrism—now in reference to actors and regions scarcely visible in the complex history of modern Europe: the ships, the wind, the navigators, their instruments, their gods, saints, and demons.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Mauricio Nieto Olarte is titular Professor at the Department of History and Geography as well as Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
REVIEWS
"This study is a welcome addition to the growing body of literature that seeks to re-evaluate Iberian scientific activity in America in the early modern period. It is an ambitious work that takes an original approach to establishing how the Spanish sought to build and understand their Atlantic empire, viewing technological practices as part of the broad networks of diverse actors where scientific, technical, political, religious and commercial factors converged. Nieto’s clear and compelling narrative highlights the importance of understanding the interactions of these "machines of empire", an approach that allows us to understand anew how the Spanish saw themselves as fulfilling a providential mission in America."
- Dr Edward Collins, University College Dublin
''...this is a very informative and well-written book that invites a wider, primarily anglophone, audience to become better acquainted with the history of proto-scientific knowledge in the Iberian world. It will also be of interest to maritime historians who wish to learn more about the intellectual underpinnings and knowledge-production contexts of Europe’s interoceanic shipping''.
-Edgar Pereira, International Journal of Maritime History, 35(2), 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of illustrations Acknowledgments
Introduction The New World and the problem of Eurocentrism Science and empire Summary of the chapters in this book
1. The Iberian Peninsula and the Atlantic Portugal and Spain Winds, currents, and sailing ships in the Atlantic Gold, silver, slaves, souls, and a thousand kinds of trees
2. The imperial bureaucracy and the appropriation of the New World Seville and the Casa de Contratacion The universal monarchy
3. The piloto mayor: cosmography and the art of navigation The post of piloto mayor: seamanship and cartography The navigation manuals Manuals for the Empire Publications, dissemination, and secrecy Humanism and the classics Experience and authority Man against the sea: shipwrecks and meteorology Routes and chorographic descriptions: The New World within the new global order
4. Machines of the empire The ships Shipbuilding War and artillery Navigational instruments The astrolabe The cross-staff The mariner’s compass Time and clocks The sounding/plumb line The navigation charts Astronomical tables Instruments, measurements, precision, and standardization The crew The captain/admiral The pilot The shipmaster (maestre) and quartermaster (contramaestre) The boatswain (guardian) The ordinary seamen (marineros) Midshipmen (grumetes) and cabin boys (pajes) The carpenter, steward, cooper, and cook The scribe, master-at-arms, and overseer The cannoneer The barber/surgeon The priest Life on board The argot of the sailors Overcrowding Food and health Men of the sea and men of God
5. The Master Map (Padrón Real) and the cartography of the New World Nautical charts and how they were made The making of a chart The charts of tierra firme: the earliest maps of the New World Three early maps of the New World Juan de la Cosa (1500) Waldseemuller (1507) Diego Ribero (1520) 6. The creatures of God never seen before: natural history Nature in the New World The classics and the Bible Monsters in paradise To describe, classify, and name Medicine, botany, and the knowledge of the natives The Empire and natural history
7. The New World, global science, and Eurocentrism Plus ultra Experience and authority The Empire and the challenge of standardization Eurocentrism