front cover of Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods
Jean Bottéro
University of Chicago Press, 1995
Our ancestors, the Mesopotamians, invented writing and with it a new way of looking at the world. In this collection of essays, the French scholar Jean Bottero attempts to go back to the moment which marks the very beginning of history.

To give the reader some sense of how Mesopotamian civilization has been mediated and interpreted in its transmission through time, Bottero begins with an account of Assyriology, the discipline devoted to the ancient culture. This transmission, compounded with countless discoveries, would not have been possible without the surprising decipherment of the cuneiform writing system. Bottero also focuses on divination in the ancient world, contending that certain modes of worship in Mesopotamia, in their application of causality and proof, prefigure the "scientific mind."
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front cover of War Essays
War Essays
Zainab Bahrani
University College London, 2025
This searing collection reveals how the plunder of Iraq’s heritage during the 2003 invasion was not collateral damage but part of a long history of imperial erasure.

In War Essays, Zainab Bahrani delivers a powerful reckoning of the destruction of Iraq’s cultural heritage in the wake of the 2003 invasion by weaving together personal experience and a critique of the enduring colonial practices of archaeology. Across two decades of essays, she examines the war’s devastating impact not only on human lives but also on Iraq’s historical landscapes, monuments, and memory, situating heritage loss within the broader geopolitics of the Middle East.

Bahrani confronts the prevailing narratives about the war, exposing how imperial violence extends beyond the battlefield to target history itself and reshaping the discipline of archaeology. By combining eyewitness testimony with theoretical inquiry, this book reflects on the role of intellectuals and historians in times of war and interrogates the responsibility of those who document conflict and its aftermath. Essential reading for scholars of Middle Eastern studies and archaeology, War Essays offers a unique and deeply personal perspective on the lasting scars of war and the fragile relationship between history and memory.
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