It is assumed that the material in this book will be used by students who already have some background in the law of Contracts, some with the impact of the law on individual conduct. The contents of the book are concerned more with the impact of individual conduct on the law; for the history of the particular relationship commonly associated with the law merchant has been in effect a history of the influence on the law of the usages of trade. It points, in one direction, to the technique of merchants in their dealings with one another; and, in the other, to the way in which the usages born of these associations, crystallizing into custom, become transmuted into law. Although there are numerous case-books on Sales, and others on Bills and Notes, this is the first to cover both in one volume. It is distinctive, furthermore, in making use of material from other than Anglo-American sources: it includes several cases from civil law countries as well as translations of their pertinent codes and statutes. A large percentage of the cases are of recent date, so that the book is of more than usual timely interest. Many of the cases are presented in abstracted form, thus making it possible to put nearly twice as many cases in the book as are generally found in volumes of this kind.

The book discusses homogenisation principles and mixing rules for the determination of the macroscopic dielectric and magnetic properties of different types of media. The effects of structure and anisotropy are discussed in detail, as well as mixtures involving chiral and nonlinear materials. High frequency scattering phenomena and dispersive properties are also discussed.

During the rapid developments in semiconductor technology, the role of inductive components as a limitation for further improvements became clear. The challenges involve the magnetization losses and unwanted eddy currents at higher switching frequencies, which in turn limit the reduction of device volumes. New materials and design approaches offer solutions. Furthermore, new topologies of power converters in connection with flexible digital controls and design of magnetic components offer ways to reduce the required component volume and increase the power density, which is especially important for mobile applications.

Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Sources, the transformative successor to Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History (first published in 1964), provides a unique venue for scholars to offer fresh readings of evidence from the period 400–1600. This annual is dedicated to the fundamental scholarship of analysis and interpretation led by direct engagement with the sources—written, visual, material—in any form, from editions, translations, and commentaries to reports, notes, and reflections. By foregrounding the most basic approach of working outwards from the evidence, it aims to foster conversations across disciplines, regions, and periods, as well as to become a reference point for original approaches and new discoveries.

This supplementary volume comprises essays on sources from the pre-modern world authored by members of the Medieval Studies Research Group, University of Lincoln, to mark the launch of the new (fourth) series.

It is often assumed that natural philosophy was the forerunner of early modern natural sciences. But where did these sciences’ systematic observation and experimentation get their starts? In Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe, the laboratories, workshops, and marketplaces emerge as arenas where hands-on experience united with higher learning. In an age when chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and botany intersected with mining, metallurgy, pharmacy, and gardening, materials were objects that crossed disciplines.

Here, the contributors tell the stories of metals, clay, gunpowder, pigments, and foods, and thereby demonstrate the innovative practices of technical experts, the development of the consumer market, and the formation of the observational and experimental sciences in the early modern period. Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe showcases a broad variety of forms of knowledge, from ineffable bodily skills and technical competence to articulated know-how and connoisseurship, from methods of measuring, data gathering, and classification to analytical and theoretical knowledge. By exploring the hybrid expertise involved in the making, consumption, and promotion of various materials, and the fluid boundaries they traversed, the book offers an original perspective on important issues in the history of science, medicine, and technology.

This edited volume gathers eight cases of industrial materials development, broadly conceived, from North America, Europe and Asia over the last 200 years. Whether given utility as building parts, fabrics, pharmaceuticals, or foodstuffs, whether seen by their proponents as human-made or “found in nature,” materials result from the designation of some matter as both knowable and worth knowing about. In following these determinations we learn that the production of physical novelty under industrial, imperial and other cultural conditions has historically accomplished a huge range of social effects, from accruals of status and wealth to demarcations of bodies and geographies. Among other cases, New Materials traces the beneficent self-identity of Quaker asylum planners who devised soundless metal cell locks in the early 19th century, and the inculcation of national pride attending Taiwanese carbon-fiber bicycle parts in the 21st; the racialized labor organizations promoted by California orange breeders in the 1910s, and bureaucratized distributions of blame for deadly high-rise fires a century later. Across eras and global regions New Materials reflects circumstances not made clear when technological innovation is explained solely as a by-product of modernizing impulses or critiqued simply as a craving for profit. Whether establishing the efficacy of nano-scale pharmaceuticals or the tastiness of farmed catfish, proponents of new materials enact complex political ideologies. In highlighting their actors’ conceptions of efficiency, certainty, safety, pleasure, pain, faith and identity, the authors reveal that to produce a “new material” is invariably to preserve other things, to sustain existing values and social structures.

This book reviews the state of the art in the use of organic materals as physical, chemical and biomedical sensors in a variety of application settings.

This volume, a list of Chinese studies and translations of foreign law, was prepared for the Subcommittee on Chinese Law of the Joint Committee on Contemporary China of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council.

The materials of this case-book are, in the main, familiar; but they have been organized upon a novel plan. Starting with the medieval actions of debt and covenant, the book traces the evolution of the ideas underlying these two actions through the more flexible action of assumption to the form which they have assumed in modern law. It next deals with the interpretation of both formal and informal contracts, with the remedies of specific performance, damages, and rescission, with the all-pervasive policy against forfeitures, and finally with the methods by which contract obligations may be altered or released. After contracts involving two parties only have been thus examined, the book proceeds to contracts which involve three parties, including promises for the benefit of strangers, assignments, and promises addressed in general terms to persons to be thereafter ascertained. There is a final chapter on illegal contracts. The book was prepared with an eye to the revised curriculum announced in the 1938 catalogue of the Harvard Law School, and with the hope that it would serve as an effective introduction to later courses in the fields of commercial, banking, and insurance law.

Life would not exist without sensitive, or soft, matter. All biological structures depend on it, including red blood globules, lung fluid, and membranes. So do industrial emulsions, gels, plastics, liquid crystals, and granular materials. What makes sensitive matter so fascinating is its inherent versatility. Shape-shifting at the slightest provocation, whether a change in composition or environment, it leads a fugitive existence.

Physicist Michel Mitov brings drama to molecular gastronomy (as when two irreconcilable materials are mixed to achieve the miracle of mayonnaise) and offers answers to everyday questions, such as how does paint dry on canvas, why does shampoo foam better when you “repeat,” and what allows for the controlled release of drugs? Along the way we meet a futurist cook, a scientist with a runaway imagination, and a penniless inventor named Goodyear who added sulfur to latex, quite possibly by accident, and created durable rubber.

As Mitov demonstrates, even religious ritual is a lesson in the surprising science of sensitive matter. Thrice yearly, the reliquary of St. Januarius is carried down cobblestone streets from the Cathedral to the Church of St. Clare in Naples. If all goes as hoped—and since 1389 it often has—the dried blood contained in the reliquary’s largest vial liquefies on reaching its destination, and Neapolitans are given a reaffirming symbol of renewal.

Archaeological case studies consider material evidence of religion and ritual in the pre-Columbian Eastern Woodlands

Archaeologists today are interpreting Native American religion and ritual in the distant past in more sophisticated ways, considering new understandings of the ways that Native Americans themselves experienced them. Shaman, Priest, Practice, Belief: Materials of Ritual and Religion in Eastern North America broadly considers Native American religion and ritual in eastern North America and focuses on practices that altered and used a vast array of material items as well as how physical spaces were shaped by religious practices.

Unbound to a single theoretical perspective of religion, contributors approach ritual and religion in diverse ways. Importantly, they focus on how people in the past practiced religion by altering and using a vast array of material items, from smoking pipes, ceremonial vessels, carved figurines, and iconographic images, to sacred bundles, hallucinogenic plants, revered animals, and ritual architecture. Contributors also show how physical spaces were shaped by religious practice, and how rock art, monuments, soils and special substances, and even land- and cityscapes were part of the active material worlds of religious agents.

Case studies, arranged chronologically, cover time periods ranging from the Paleoindian period (13,000–7900 BC) to the late Mississippian and into the protohistoric/contact periods. The geographical scope is much of the greater southeastern and southern Midwestern culture areas of the Eastern Woodlands, from the Central and Lower Mississippi River Valleys to the Ohio Hopewell region, and from the greater Ohio River Valley down through the Deep South and across to the Carolinas.

Contributors
Sarah E. Baires / Melissa R. Baltus / Casey R. Barrier / James F. Bates / Sierra M. Bow / James A. Brown / Stephen B. Carmody / Meagan E. Dennison / Aaron Deter-Wolf / David H. Dye / Bretton T. Giles / Cameron Gokee / Kandace D. Hollenbach / Thomas A. Jennings / Megan C. Kassabaum / John E. Kelly / Ashley A. Peles / Tanya M. Peres / Charlotte D. Pevny / Connie M. Randall / Jan F. Simek / Ashley M. Smallwood / Renee B. Walker / Alice P. Wright

 

Silicide Technology for Integrated Circuits focuses on the task of developing and applying metal silicide technology as it emerges from the scientific to the prototype and manufacturing stages and provides guidance on the application of the latest emerging technology.

This book comprehensively covers the areas of materials growth, characterisation and descriptions for the new devices in siliconheterostructure material systems. In recent years, the development of powerful epitaxial growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), ultra-high vacuum chemical vapour deposition (UHVCVD) and other low temperature epitaxy techniques has given rise to a new area of research of bandgap engineering in silicon-based materials. This has paved the way not only for heterojunction bipolar and field effect transistors, but also for other fascinating novel quantum devices. This book provides an excellent introduction and valuable references for postgraduate students and research scientists.