In Segregating Sound, Karl Hagstrom Miller argues that the categories that we have inherited to think and talk about southern music bear little relation to the ways that southerners long played and heard music. Focusing on the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth, Miller chronicles how southern music—a fluid complex of sounds and styles in practice—was reduced to a series of distinct genres linked to particular racial and ethnic identities. The blues were African American. Rural white southerners played country music. By the 1920s, these depictions were touted in folk song collections and the catalogs of “race” and “hillbilly” records produced by the phonograph industry. Such links among race, region, and music were new. Black and white artists alike had played not only blues, ballads, ragtime, and string band music, but also nationally popular sentimental ballads, minstrel songs, Tin Pan Alley tunes, and Broadway hits.

In a cultural history filled with musicians, listeners, scholars, and business people, Miller describes how folklore studies and the music industry helped to create a “musical color line,” a cultural parallel to the physical color line that came to define the Jim Crow South. Segregated sound emerged slowly through the interactions of southern and northern musicians, record companies that sought to penetrate new markets across the South and the globe, and academic folklorists who attempted to tap southern music for evidence about the history of human civilization. Contending that people’s musical worlds were defined less by who they were than by the music that they heard, Miller challenges assumptions about the relation of race, music, and the market.

The Uses of the Folk introduces a new way of understanding the relationship between artists and populations designated as "the folk" and the scholars who define them. The issue begins with the premise that vernacular culture is an important tool through which communities assert their interests and identities within national and international politics. More than simply protecting or preserving traditions in the face of modernization, folk culture—and state or academic interest in it—gives many practitioners a rare but powerful voice within debates about modernity, national identity, and culture from which they have typically been barred. Folk communities often show a profound willingness to change the presentation of the culture in order to gain maximum advantage from authorities needed for authenticating power.
The essays explore a variety of incarnations of "the folk," from the contested meanings of folk dance in creating a national culture in twentieth-century Haiti and Nicaragua, to the ways that the London Museum’s collection of artifacts challenged early-twentieth-century British notions of gender, labor, and citizenship, to the production of urban folklore in New York City. The Uses of the Folk identifies folk culture of the past and present as an important site of ongoing struggle—one affecting all scholars who draw on folk or vernacular culture in their work.

Contributors. Adina Back, Jordanna Bailkin, Regina Bendix, Katherine Borland, Sally Charnow, Peggy P. Hargis, Georgina Hickey, John Howard, Shafali Lal, R. J. Lambrose, Ronald Radano, Kate Ramsey, Gerald Shenk, David Takacs, David Waldstreicher, Daniel Walkowitz, Steve Zeitlin