As environmental awareness grows around the world, people are learning that a diversity of species and the habitat to support them is necessary to maintain the ecological health of the earth. At the same time, however, the pressure to develop wildlife habitat for human settlement and economic gain also grows, causing frequent clashes between the forces of development and of conservation.
This pioneering study focuses on a new tool for resolving the land-use conflict—the creation of habitat conservation plans (HCPs). Timothy Beatley explores the development and early results of this provision of the United States' federal Endangered Species Act, which allows development of some habitat and a certain "take" of a protected species in return for the conservation of sufficient habitat to ensure its survival and long-term recovery.
Beatley looks specifically at nine HCPs in California, Nevada, Texas, and Florida, states where biological diversity and increasing populations have triggered many conflicts. Some of the HCPs include the San Bruno Mountain HCP near San Francisco, the North Key Largo HCP in the Florida Keys, the Clark County HCP near Las Vegas, Nevada, and the Balcones Canyonlands HCP near Austin, Texas. This first comprehensive overview of habitat conservation planning in the United States will be important reading for everyone involved in land-use debates.
Marginalizing Colonialism offers a social, political, and spatial history of Bolgatanga, a northern Ghanaian town whose colonial-era urban development has been largely overlooked in African historiography. Covering the late nineteenth century through the 1940s, the book traces how this settlement—long characterized as a remote hinterland of the British Empire—emerged as a commercial and political center in the region. Rather than depicting urbanization as an imperial project, it reveals how African actors actively shaped Bolgatanga’s growth and repeatedly marginalized, redirected, and evaded colonial authority.
The narrative follows Bolgatanga’s transformation from a dispersed settlement organized around kinship, ritual geographies, and earth shrines into a dynamic urban hub integrated into regional trade networks. Central to this shift were new land tenure systems, commercial expansion, and changing spatial practices. By the 1930s and 1940s, trade in kola, groundnuts, livestock, and other goods surged, stimulated by new roads and increased mobility. Population growth converted farmland into leased plots, permanent buildings replaced older compounds, and areas around the market became focal points of economic and social life.
These changes were driven not by the colonial state but rather by local negotiations and strategic adaptations. Chiefs, earth priests, merchants, and migrant traders mediated and reshaped colonial policies, while missionaries and settlers concluded land agreements beyond official oversight. Roads and marketplaces, planned through negotiations between colonial officials and local chiefs and built largely through African labor, became central infrastructures of local economic life. Even as colonial administrators sought to codify land tenure and regulate commerce, their influence remained largely nominal—a background presence in a story propelled by African initiative.
Drawing on archival documents, oral histories, and unpublished manuscripts by local intellectuals, Marginalizing Colonialism provides the first comprehensive urban history of Bolgatanga. It challenges dominant narratives in African colonial and urban historiography by exposing the silences of the colonial archive and highlighting the significance of medium-sized towns as arenas of negotiation and creativity. Ultimately, the book argues that Bolgatanga’s urbanization was a locally driven process that redefined power, space, and governance—leaving a legacy that continues to shape the city’s identity and regional role today.
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