2728 books match the query 'Education' and 609 start with t
Ian Collins and David Brody
University of Michigan Press, 2025
Christian J. Churchill
Temple University Press, 2012
The Enigmatic Academy is a provocative look at the purpose and practice of education in America. Authors Christian Churchill and Gerald Levy use three case studies—a liberal arts college, a boarding school, and a Job Corps center—to illustrate how class, bureaucratic, and secular-religious dimensions of education prepare youth for participation in American foreign and domestic policy at all levels.
The authors describe how schools contribute to the formation of a bureaucratic character; how middle and upper class students are trained for leadership positions in corporations, government, and the military; and how the education of lower class students often serves more powerful classes and institutions.
Exploring how youth and their educators encounter the complexities of ideology and bureaucracy in school, The Enigmatic Academy deepens our understanding of the flawed redemptive relationship between education and society in the United States. Paradoxically, these three studied schools all prepare students to participate in a society whose values they oppose.
The Boyer 2030 Commission
University Press of Colorado, 2022
In 2021, The Association for Undergraduate Education at Research Universities (UERU)—with over 100 research university members and hosted at Colorado State University since 2013—recruited The Boyer 2030 Commission. This group was co-chaired by AAU’s Barbara R. Snyder and APLU’s Peter McPherson and included 14 additional distinguished higher ed leaders. The Boyer 2030 Commission sought to update the1998 Boyer Report, the landmark publication that inspired UERU’s founding in 2000 and helped spur nearly a quarter century of progress. Upon a year of research and reflection, the Boyer 2030 Commission issued The Equity/Excellence Imperative: A Blueprint for Undergraduate Education at U.S. Research Universities, reiterating the vital importance of undergraduate education at research universities and the need to invest in meeting what they name as the equity/excellence imperative.
From the Report:
"Research university presidents/chancellors, provosts, and their senior colleagues are today called upon to lead in a challenging world of deeply entrenched inequities laid bare by a deadly pandemic; a long-overdue racial reckoning; fractured democratic institutions and frayed democratic norms; an existential planetary climate emergency; a mental health crisis affecting all ages, including and especially traditional-aged undergraduate students; and growing public disaffection with and distrust of higher education. College-going and the prestige of a college degree are in decline, and, despite efforts to recruit and retain low-income undergraduate students, new data show that research universities were serving even fewer of them prior to the pandemic, let alone as a result. The Boyer 2030 Commission Report is organized around what the Commission has termed the ‘equity/excellence imperative,’ a belief that excellence and equity are inextricably entwined, such that excellence without equity (privilege reproducing privilege) is not true excellence, and equity (mere access) without excellence is unfulfilled promise. At this pivotal moment, the Boyer 2030 Commission poses these fundamental questions:
Meeting the equity/excellence imperative offers a leadership opportunity. Recognizing that diversity of mission, identity, organization, and culture is a long-standing strength of U.S. higher education, the Boyer 2030 Commission offers 11 provocations to catalyze the multiple actions needed for a research university to realize the equity/excellence imperative. This report will aid leaders as they work to meet this imperative, and millions of undergraduate students, their alma maters and broader human society will meaningfully and measurably benefit as a result."
This book is also available as an open access ebook through the UERU.
Co-Chairs: Barbara R. Snyder, President, AAU and Peter McPherson, President Emeritus, APLU Commission
Members: Michael Crow, President, Arizona State University; Andrew Delbanco, President, Teagle Foundation; Roger Ferguson, former President, TIAA-CREF; Kathleen Fitzpatrick, Director of Digital Humanities, Michigan State University; Kevin Kruger, President and CEO, NASPA–Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education; Gary May, Chancellor, University of California, Davis; Sarah Newman, Director of Art and Education at metaLAB, Harvard University; Lynn Pasquerella, President, American Association of Colleges & Universities; Deborah Santiago, Co-Founder and CEO, Excelencia in Education; Claude Steele, Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences, Emeritus, Stanford University; Holden Thorp, Editor-in-Chief, Science; Eric Waldo, Founding Executive Director of Michelle Obama’s Reach Higher; Mary Wright, Associate Provost for Teaching and Learning, Brown University; Ex officio: Elizabeth Loizeaux, Boston University; Former President, UERU
Staff: Liz Bennett, Associate Director, UERU; Steven Dandaneau, Executive Director, UERU; Howard Gobstein, Senior Vice President, APLU; Ken Goldstein, Senior Vice President, AAU; Tara King, Education Program and Evaluation Manager, AAU; Emily Miller, Deputy Vice President, AAU; Mariah Pursley, Senior Coordinator, UERU; Kacy Redd, Associate Vice President, APLU; Liz Wasden, Research Assistant, University of Maryland, College Park
Lawrence J. McAndrews
University of Illinois Press, 2005
Pat J. Gehrke
Southern Illinois University Press, 2009
In The Ethics and Politics of Speech, Pat J. Gehrke provides an accessible yet intensive history of the speech communication discipline during the twentieth century. Drawing on several previously unpublished or unexamined sources—including essays, conference proceedings, and archival documents—Gehrke traces the evolution of communication studies and the dilemmas that often have faced academics in this field. In his examination, Gehrke not only provides fresh perspectives on old models of thinking; he reveals new methods for approaching future studies of ethical and political communication.
Gehrke begins his history with the first half of the twentieth century, discussing the development of a social psychology of speech and an ethics based on scientific principles, and showing the importance of democracy to teaching and scholarship at this time. He then investigates the shift toward philosophical—especially existential—ways of thinking about communication and ethics starting in the 1950s and continuing through the mid-1970s, a period associated with the rise of rhetoric in the discipline. In the chapters covering the last decades of the twentieth century, Gehrke demonstrates how the ethics and politics of communication were directed back onto the practices of scholarship within the discipline, examining the increased use of postmodern and poststructuralist theories, as well as the new trend toward writing original theory, rather than reinterpreting the past. In offering a thorough history of rhetoric studies, Gehrke sets the stage for new questions and arguments, ultimately emphasizing the deeply moral and political implications that by nature embed themselves in the field of communication.
More than simply a history of the discipline's major developments, The Ethics and Politics of Speech is an account of the philosophical and moral struggles that have faced communication scholars throughout the last century. As Gehrke explores the themes and movements within rhetoric and speech studies of the past, he also provides a better understanding of the powerful forces behind the forging of the field. In doing so, he reveals history’s potential to act as a vehicle for further academic innovation in the future.
Anne E. Pfister
Gallaudet University Press, 2025
Rafael E. Castilla and William P. Hodgeson
Michigan Publishing Services, 2017
Alberto Moreiras
Duke University Press, 2001
Alexander Meiklejohn
University of Wisconsin Press, 2001
First published in 1932, The Experimental College is the record of a radical experiment in university education. Established at the University of Wisconsin in Madison in 1927 by innovative educational theorist Alexander Meiklejohn, the "Experimental College" itself was to be a small, intensive, residence-based program within the larger university that provided a core curriculum of liberal education for the first two years of college.
Aimed at finding a method of teaching whereby students would gain "intelligence in the conduct of their own lives," the Experimental College gave students unprecedented freedom. Discarding major requirements, exams, lectures, and mandatory attendance, the program reshaped the student-professor relationship, abolished conventional subject divisions, and attempted to find a new curriculum that moved away from training students in crafts, trades, professions, and traditional scholarship. Meiklejohn and his colleagues attempted instead to broadly connect the democratic ideals and thinking of classical Athens with the dilemmas of daily life in modern industrial America.
The experiment became increasingly controversial within the university, perhaps for reasons related less to pedagogy than to personalities, money, and the bureaucratic realities of a large state university. Meiklejohn’s program closed its doors after only five years, but this book, his final report on the experiment, examines both its failures and its triumphs. This edition brings back into print Meiklejohn’s original, unabridged text, supplemented with a new introduction by Roland L. Guyotte. In an age of increasing fragmentation and specialization of academic studies, The Experimental College remains a useful tool in any examination of the purposes of higher education.
"Alexander Meiklejohn’s significance in the history of American education stems largely from his willingness to put ideas into action. He tested abstract philosophical theories in concrete institutional practice. The Experimental College reveals the dreams as well as the defeats of a deeply idealistic reformer. By asking sharp questions about enduring purposes of liberal democratic education, Meiklejohn presents a message that is meaningful and useful in any age."—Adam Nelson author of Education and Democracy: The Meaning of Alexander Meiklejohn
o A reprint of the unabridged, original 1932 edition
o Published in partnership with the University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries
Eva Díaz
University of Chicago Press, 2014

Edited by Constance Coiner and Diana Hume George
University of Illinois Press, 1998
Kraus, Neil
Temple University Press, 2023
Philip Rieff
University of Chicago Press, 1989
Michael Cole
Russell Sage Foundation, 2006
Don Chaffin
Michigan Publishing Services, 2016
LaVerne Bell-Tolliver
University of Arkansas Press, 2018
“It was one of those periods that you got through, as opposed to enjoyed. It wasn’t an environment that . . . was nurturing, so you shut it out. You just got through it. You just took it a day at a time. You excelled if you could. You did your best. You felt as though the eyes of the community were on you.”—Glenda Wilson, East Side Junior High
Much has been written about the historical desegregation of Little Rock Central High School by nine African American students in 1957. History has been silent, however, about the students who desegregated Little Rock’s five public junior high schools—East Side, Forest Heights, Pulaski Heights, Southwest, and West Side—in 1961 and 1962.
The First Twenty-Five gathers the personal stories of these students some fifty years later. They recall what it was like to break down long-standing racial barriers while in their early teens—a developmental stage that often brings emotional vulnerability. In their own words, these individuals share what they saw, heard, and felt as children on the front lines of the civil rights movement, providing insight about this important time in Little Rock, and how these often painful events from their childhoods affected the rest of their lives.
Tim Clydesdale
University of Chicago Press, 2007
Wild parties, late nights, and lots of sex, drugs, and alcohol. Many assume these are the things that define an American teenager’s first year after high school. But the reality is really quite different. As Tim Clydesdale reports in The First Year Out, teenagers generally manage the increased responsibilities of everyday life immediately after graduation effectively. But, like many good things, this comes at a cost.
Tracking the daily lives of fifty young people making the transition to life after high school, Clydesdale reveals how teens settle into manageable patterns of substance use and sexual activity; how they meet the requirements of postsecondary education; and how they cope with new financial expectations. Most of them, we learn, handle the changes well because they make a priority of everyday life. But Clydesdale finds that teens also stow away their identities—religious, racial, political, or otherwise—during this period in exchange for acceptance into mainstream culture. This results in the absence of a long-range purpose for their lives and imposes limits on their desire to understand national politics and global issues, sometimes even affecting the ability to reconstruct their lives when tragedies occur.
The First Year Out is an invaluable resource for anyone caught up in the storm and stress of working with these young adults.
Tamson Pietsch
University of Chicago Press, 2023
Tamson Pietsch
University of Chicago Press, 2023
This is an auto-narrated audiobook edition of this book.
The Floating University sheds light on a story of optimism and imperialist ambition in the 1920s.Le Lin
University of Chicago Press, 2022
An in-depth examination of the regulatory, entrepreneurial, and organizational factors contributing to the expansion and transformation of China’s supplemental education industry.
Like many parents in the United States, parents in China, increasingly concerned with their children’s academic performance, are turning to for-profit tutoring businesses to help their children get ahead in school. China’s supplemental education industry is now the world’s largest and most vibrant for-profit education market, and we can see its influence on the US higher education system: more than 70% of Chinese students studying in American universities have taken test preparation classes for overseas standardized tests. The Fruits of Opportunism offers a much-needed thorough investigation into this industry. This book examines how opportunistic organizations thrived in an ambiguous policy environment and how they catalyzed organizational and institutional changes in this industry.
A former insider in China’s Education Industry, sociologist Le Lin shows how and why this industry evolved to become a for-profit one dominated by private, formal, nationally operating, and globally financed corporations, despite restrictions the Chinese state placed on the industry. Looking closely at the opportunistic organizations that were founded by marginal entrepreneurs and quickly came to dominate the market, Lin finds that as their non-compliant practices spread across the industry, these opportunistic organizations pushed privatization and marketization from below. The case of China’s Education Industry laid out in The Fruits of Opportunism illustrates that while opportunism leaves destruction in its wake, it can also drive the formation and evolution of a market.
Edited by Louis Menand
University of Chicago Press, 1996
Abdul
Pluto Press, 2022

Abdul Alkalimat
Pluto Press, 2022
At a turning point for the growing field of Black Studies, one of its founders looks to its future
'A timely, future-oriented and necessary contribution which provides clarity to the multivalent tendencies in this field' - Carole Boyce Davies
The marginalization of Black voices from the academy is a problem in the Western world. But Black Studies, where it exists, is a powerful, boundary-pushing discipline, grown out of struggle and community action. Here, Abdul Alkalimat, one of the founders of Black Studies in the US, presents a reimagining of the future trends in the study of the Black experience.
Taking Marxism and Black Experientialism, Afro-Futurist and Diaspora frameworks, he projects a radical future for the discipline at this time of social crisis. Choosing cornerstones of culture, such as the music of Sun Ra, the movie Black Panther and the writer Octavia Butler, he looks at the trajectory of Black liberation thought since slavery, including new research on the rise in the comparative study of Black people all over the world.
Turning to look at how digital tools enhance the study of the discipline, this book is a powerful read that will inform and inspire students and activists.
Donald E. Pease and Robyn Wiegman, eds.
Duke University Press, 2002
Contributors. Lindon Barrett, Nancy Bentley, Gillian Brown, Russ Castronovo, Eric Cheyfitz, Michael Denning, Winfried Fluck, Carl Gutierrez-Jones, Dana Heller, Amy Kaplan, Paul Lauter, Günter H. Lenz, George Lipsitz, Lisa Lowe, Walter Benn Michaels, José Estaban Muñoz, Dana D. Nelson, Ricardo L. Ortiz, Janice Radway, John Carlos Rowe, William V. Spanos
Malcolm S. Baroway
The Ohio State University Press, 2003
Herbert B. Asher
The Ohio State University Press, 2022
Romina A. Green Rioja
University of Alabama Press, 2026
How a nation took shape through two classrooms, educating European immigrants in one while assimilating Indigenous peoples in the other, hardwiring race, class, and identity into modern Chile
The German Turn is the history of Chile’s settler ideological project of the 1880s exemplified in education. Romina A. Green Rioja’s big-picture interdisciplinary analysis boasts four historiographies in conversation within the Chilean context. She examines the histories of education, settler colonialism and immigration, Native mission schools, and Mapuche studies at the state and local levels. Chile’s state-building goal was to position the country in the global capitalist economy. Education was seen as a civilizing force for the Mapuche, and the overall goals were to unite the country; teach Chilean students to adhere to class, race, and gender structures; and prepare them for occupations according to these configurations.
Green Rioja finds that Chilean society and state policies demarcated the lines of ethnic, national, and racial preference and exclusion, offering inclusion for those of European ancestry and distance for those of Indigenous descent. Education’s dual role as a tool for inclusion and exclusion ultimately shaped former pupils’ class trajectories and racial belonging. The degrees of belonging depended on community connections, family wealth, and government scholarships that facilitated integration, assimilation, separatism, or the compartmentalization of group identity with the Chilean national identity. The book further considers global-transnational studies on immigration, settler colonialism, and education, showing Chilean policies that appear insular actually align with global patterns and shared policies by other forming nations. This work is a must-read for historians and Latin Americanists to understand Chile’s modernization and its impacts on social structures.
Robert Hornick
University of Massachusetts Press, 2012
During much of the twentieth century, people labeled “feeble-minded,” “mentally deficient,” and “mentally retarded” were often confined in large, publicly funded, residential institutions located on the edges of small towns and villages some distance from major population centers. At the peak of their development in the late 1960s, these institutions—frequently called “schools” or “homes”—housed 190,000 men, women, and children in the United States.
The Girls and Boys of Belchertown offers the first detailed history of an American public institution for intellectually disabled persons. Robert Hornick recounts the story of the Belchertown State School in Belchertown, Massachusetts, from its beginnings in the 1920s to its closure in the 1990s following a scandalous exposé and unprecedented court case that put the institution under direct supervision of a federal judge. He draws on personal interviews, private letters, and other unpublished sources as well as local newspapers, long out-of-print materials, and government reports to re-create what it was like to live and work at the school. More broadly, he gauges the impact of changing social attitudes toward intellectual disability and examines the relationship that developed over time between the school and the town where it was located.
What emerges is a candid and complex portrait of the Belchertown State School that neither vilifies those in charge nor excuses the injustices perpetrated on its residents, but makes clear that despite the court-ordered reforms of its final decades, the institution needed to be closed.
Peter Kahn
University of Arkansas Press, 2019
Harriet Brown
University of Wisconsin Press, 1998
Have you ever wondered what really goes on at your child’s day-care center after you say good-bye? Harriet Brown did. To satisfy her curiosity, she spent an entire year observing Red Caboose, a center in Madison, Wisconsin. This engaging and thought-provoking book is the story of that year.
In her beautifully written personal account, journalist and mother Brown takes us behind the scenes at a day-care center that works. At Red Caboose, one of the oldest independent centers in the country, we meet teachers who have worked with young children for more than twenty years. We watch the child-care union and parents struggle to negotiate a contract without ripping apart the fabric of trust and love that holds the Red Caboose community together.
We look at the center’s finances, to see what keeps Red Caboose going at a time when other good centers are disappearing. Best of all, we get to know the children, families, and teachers of Red Caboose—their struggles, their sorrows, their triumphs.
Started twenty-five years ago by a group of idealistic parents, the center has not only survived but thrived through some pretty tough times. In the world of day care, Red Caboose is a special place, a model for what child care in this country could and should be: not just babysitting, not just a service to working parents, but a benefit for children, families, teachers, and the community at large.
Brown sets her rich and engaging stories in the greater political and social context of our time. Why is so much child care bad? Why should working Americans worry about the link between welfare reform and child care? What can we learn from the history of child care?
This book is a must-read for parents, educators, and anyone who enjoys first-rate writing and dead-on insight into the lives of our youngest children and those who care for them.
“[Brown’s] writing is beautiful and her scholarship sound. Students considering day-care careers, day-care professionals, and concerned parents will gain insight by reading this provocative book, as will anyone who cares about the future of young children in this country.”—Choice
“I admire enormously the ambition of this book—its eagle-eyed witness and engrossing detail, plus the social importance of the project. I wish there were in the world more books like it.”—Lorrie Moore, author of Who Will Run the Frog Hospital?
“The Good-bye Window is a fascinating peek into the secret world of children. With the poignancy of Anne LaMott, and the reportorial grace of Tracy Kidder, Harriet Brown has written a terrific and worthwhile book.”—Meg Wolitzer, author of This Is Your Life
“Harriet Brown’s well-told story of the Red Caboose child-care center should be read by teachers and parents, but also by every legislator and politician in the land. Only a writer as good as Ms. Brown could display the dramatic complexities of a school community in which the youngest members enter crawling and emerge a few years later as articulate, empathetic, and well-socialized individuals, ready for the ‘real world.’”—Vivian Gussin Paley, author of The Boy Who Would Be a Helicopter
Bruce M. Shore
University of Chicago Press, 2014

Andrew McGettigan
Pluto Press, 2013
Joshua L. Glazer, Cori Egan, William R. Berry, and Amar Fattal
University of Chicago Press, 2026
Offers a much-needed perspective on the connections between community, policymaking, and the improvement of underperforming schools.
School reform remains a fraught issue in the United States as educators, policymakers, and communities strive to improve outcomes for all students. In The Grit and the Grind, Joshua L. Glazer, Cori Egan, William R. Berry, and Amar Fattal examine two ambitious efforts to improve the lowest-performing schools in Memphis, Tennessee. The book offers a rare inside look at the political, organizational, and educational challenges of improving schools at scale.
The two initiatives, the Achievement School District (ASD) and the Shelby County Innovation Zone (iZone), shared a common goal but pursued it through fundamentally different approaches. The ASD was a state-run turnaround district that removed schools from local control and placed them under the management of charter organizations. By contrast, the iZone operated through existing district institutions, relying on local educators and leaders to drive improvement. Despite common goals and substantial resources, the reforms developed in strikingly different ways. Drawing on years of research in Memphis, the authors move beyond familiar debates about charter schools and district reform to explore a deeper question: What does it take to improve schools in complex, pluralistic, and contested democratic societies? Their analysis reveals that educational improvement is simultaneously professional, organizational, and political. Efforts to enhance educational opportunities depend not only on curriculum, leadership, and expertise, but also on the legitimacy, trust, and community support that allow educational systems to learn from experience and sustain improvement.
At once a study of reform, organizations, and politics, The Grit and the Grind challenges simple explanations of success and failure, showing that meaningful improvement is forged through the slow, uncertain work of building systems capable of earning community trust while continuously strengthening teaching and learning.
Kelly Joan Whitmer
University of Chicago Press, 2015
Laurie A. Van Egeren
Michigan State University Press, 2026
The Handbook of Broader Impacts is an essential resource for researchers, administrators, policymakers, and anyone interested in the societal benefits of research. The volume brings together experts who trace the history of broader impacts as a U.S. National Science Foundation policy, explore its relationship to engaged scholarship, and provide models for institutional infrastructure and support. The book equips readers with tools to build the institutional capacity to advance the societal impacts of research, from developing researcher identities and competencies to navigating promotion and tenure. The Handbook of Broader Impacts explores a wide range of initiatives—open science, science communication, citizen science, informal STEM learning, K–12 partnerships, undergraduate research, teacher development, international collaborations, and more. By blending policy context, practical strategies, and real-world examples, the handbook spells out the value of broader impacts and demonstrates how research can contribute to direct and meaningful change.
Theodore S. Ransaw
Michigan State University Press, 2018
Edited by Carole Carlson, Matthew Kriegsman, and Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld
Brandeis University Press, 2023
Edited by Frederic W. Hafferty
Dartmouth College Press, 2015
Michael A. Messner
Rutgers University Press, 2025
Gillian Dowley McNamee
University of Chicago Press, 2015
David F. Armstrong
Gallaudet University Press, 2014
Robert L. Osgood
Gallaudet University Press, 2005
As a significant term, inclusion came into use relatively recently in the long history of special education in the United States. Since the 1800s, when children with disabilities first were segregated for instruction in public schools, professionals and parents have called for more equitable, “normal” treatment of these students, and for closer contact with their nondisabled peers. Through the years, the central issues of the discussions between educators and parents have focused on who should be considered disabled and who should bear responsibility for planning and providing for their education. The History of Inclusion in the United States traces the antecedents of this ongoing debate to answer questions about what inclusion is, how it came to be, and where it might go.
In this comprehensive study, author Robert L. Osgood reveals how the idea of inclusion has evolved into broader realms of thought and practice. In its earliest manifestations, educators dwelled upon the classroom setting itself, wondering whether “disabled” children belonged there; if not, why not; and if so, how this could be accomplished? By the late 1960s, the scope of the discussion had shifted to assess the comprehensive structures of special education and its relationship with general education. The History of Inclusion seamlessly follows this progression into the present decade, in which current educational policy questions the need for any sort of separate “special education” in principle and structure.
Duke, Benjamin
Rutgers University Press, 2014
Margret A. Winzer
Gallaudet University Press, 1993
Richard Joslyn and Bruce Stronach
Temple University Press, 2023
Christian Zacher
The Ohio State University Press, 2012
The OSU Board of Trustees and its presidential search committee found in Holbrook’s experience many reasons to invite her to lead Ohio’s flagship institution of higher education. Foremost among them was her familiarity with academic medicine, which they thought would give her a special understanding of OSU’s growing medical center. She was particularly interested in fostering multi-disciplinary programs and emphasizing outreach via pre-collegiate programs to broaden the pipeline for students who saw The Ohio State University as a goal.
Lawrence Siegel
Gallaudet University Press, 2008
In 1982, the United States Supreme Court ruled that Amy Rowley, a deaf six-year-old, was not entitled to have a sign language interpreter in her public school classroom. Lawrence Siegel wholeheartedly disagrees with this decision in his new book The Human Right to Language: Communication Access for Deaf Children. Instead, he contends that the United States Constitution should protect every deaf and hard of hearing child’s right to communication and language as part of an individual’s right to liberty. Siegel argues that when a deaf or hard of hearing child sits alone in a crowded classroom and is unable to access the rich and varied communication around her, the child is denied any chance of success in life.
In The Human Right to Language, Siegel proposes that the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution be enforced so that Amy Rowley and her peers can possess that which virtually every other American child takes for granted – the right to receive and express thought in school. He asserts that the common notion of a right to “speech” is too infrequently interpreted in the narrowest sense as the right to “speak” rather than the broader right to receive and transmit information in all ways. Siegel reveals that there are no judicial decisions or laws that recognize this missing right, and offers here a legal and constitutional strategy for change. His well-reasoned hypothesis and many examples of deaf children with inadequate communication access in school combine to make a compelling case for changing the status quo.

Edited by Benjamin Ladner
University of Chicago Press, 1984
Edited by Ignacio López-Calvo and Christina Lux
Northwestern University Press, 2019
Elaine Mensh and Harry Mensh
Southern Illinois University Press, 1991
Ever since Alfred Binet carried out a 1904 commission from France’s minister of public instruction to devise a means for deciding which pupils should be sent to what would now be called special education classes, IQ scores have been used to label and track children. Those same scores have been cited as "proof" that different races, classes, and genders are of superior and inferior intelligence.
The Menshes make clear that from the beginning IQ tests have been fundamentally biased. Offered as a means for seeking solutions to social problems, the actual measurements have been used to maintain the status quo. Often the most telling comments are from the test-makers themselves, whether Binet ("little girls weak in orthography are strong in sewing and capable in the instruction concerning housekeeping; and, all things considered, this is more important for their future") or Wigdor and Garner ("naive use of intelligence tests . . . to place children of linguistic or racial minority status in special education programs will not be defensible in court").
Among the disturbing facts that the authors share is that there is mounting political pressure for more tests and testing despite a court trial in which the judge stated that "defendants’ expert witnesses, even those clearly affiliated with the companies that devise and distribute the standardized intelligence tests, agreed, with one exception, that we cannot truly define, much less measure, intelligence." The testing firms have responded to this carefully orchestrated need with new products that extend even to the IQ testing of three-month-old infants. The authors stress that, if the testers prevail, there is little doubt that these and similar tests would be used "ad infinitum to justify superior and inferior education along class and racial lines."