Spanish speakers can learn Brazilian Portuguese much more rapidly than any other language, and thousands of students have used Antônio Simões's text/workbook Com licença: Brazilian Portuguese for Spanish Speakers to make the transition between the two languages. Recognizing the need for a text that incorporates current cultural references and the latest language pedagogy, Simões now offers Pois não: Brazilian Portuguese Course for Spanish Speakers, with Basic Reference Grammar.

Pois não contrasts Portuguese and Spanish, which accomplishes two main goals. It teaches the equivalent of one year of college Portuguese in one semester, three times a week, to Spanish speakers who also have a solid understanding of English. Additionally, the book serves as a basic reference guide to Brazilian Portuguese for the same audience.

Pois não can be used by students in the classroom or by independent learners. Users of the book may focus on the drills alone, concentrate on both the explanations and drills, or use the book as a reference for consultation only. Answers to all of the exercises are included in the book. Audio and video recordings by native Brazilian speakers of dialogues that appear in the book can be downloaded at https://utexas.box.com/v/PoisNaoAudio.

Antônio Roberto Monteiro Simões is Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese Linguistics at the University of Kansas. A native of Brazil, he has taught both Spanish and Portuguese for many years. His main interest is in Romance phonetics and phonology of discourse, as well as in testing and teaching materials. Simões has authored books and articles and organized and participated in international language conferences.

Contents
Introduction	19
0.1 Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish	20
0.1.1 False Cognates: Eu N¿o Falo Portugu¿s, by Daniel Samper Pizano	20
0.1.2 False Cognates: Word List	23
0.1.3 Common Mistakes	26
0.1.4 Mopho-Syntactic Differences: Preliminary Remarks	27
0.2 The Sound Systems of Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese	29
0.2.1 Some Consonant Features: b, d, g; "S" in Syllable Final Position	30
0.2.2 The Oral Vowels: Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese	32
0.2.3 The Nasal Vowels: Brazilian Portuguese	33
0.3 The Consonants: Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese	34
0.3.1 Summary of Sounds of Brazilian Portuguese that Are Not Part of the 
Inventory of Spanish Sounds	36
0.3.1.2 Comparison of Spanish ll and ¿ with Portuguese lh and nh	37
0.4 Names of the Alphabet Letters; Phonetic Symbols	38
0.5 Diacritics, Hyphen and Other Symbols	40
0.5 The Portuguese Writing System	43
The Alphabet	43
0.7 Accentuation	43
0.8 Warming Up: Getting Ready to Use the Language	46
0.8.1 Useful Expressions for Classroom Activities	46
0.8.2 Colloquial Greetings (Sauda¿¿es)	47
0.8.3 Leave-Takings (Despedidas)	47
0.8.4 Introductions (Apresenta¿¿es), Reactions (Rea¿¿es)	47
0.8.5 General Expressions	48
0.9 Short Dialogues Using the Preceding Expressions	48
0.10 Translation	50
0.11 Dictation	50
0.12 Brazilian Popular Music (M¿sica Popular Brasileira - MPB)	51
Unit 1. Primeiros Contatos	53
1. NA UNIVERSIDADE	54
1.1 Dialogue: O Primeiro Dia na Universidade	54
1.2 Indicative Mode, Present Tense	56
1.2.1 Regular Verb Forms	57
1.2.2 Present Tense	57
1.3 Pronunciation: /e/, /_/; /o/, /¿/; /i/, /¿/; "ti, te, di, de"	61
1.3.1 Nine Simplified Rules of Pronunciaton	61
1.3.2 Lip Configurations of the Seven Oral Vowels of Brazilian Portuguese	64
1.3.3 The Vowels /e/ and /_/, /o/ and /¿/	64
1.3.3.1 Auditory Identification	65
1.3.3.2 VISUAL Identification of Brazilian Portuguese Sounds	67
1.3.3.3 Comprehension and Production	68
Trava-l¿ngua - O Malandro	68
1.3.4 The Vowels /i/ and /¿/	70
1.3.4.1 VISUAL Identification of the Vowels /i/ and /¿/	72
1.3.5 Pronunciation of [_i] and [düi]	72
1.4 Spanish and Portuguese Diphthongs	74
1.4.1 Spanish Stem-Changing Verbs and Their Portuguese Counterparts	74
1.4.2 Spanish Stem-Changing Nouns and Their Portuguese Counterparts	75
1.4.3 Spanish Gustar and Portuguese Gostar de	77
1.5 Primeiros Contatos	77
1.5.1 Greetings and Leave-Takings	78
1.5.2 Forms of Address	78
1.6 The Negative	82
1.7 Articles	84
1.7.1 Definite Articles	84
1.7.2 Indefinite Articles	84
1.8 Noun Gender and Plurals	85
1.8.1 Gender	85
1.8.2 Plurals	87
1.9 Dictation	89
1.10 Translation	89
1.11 Divers¿es, Bate-Bola e Pipoca Quentinha	90
1.11.1 Spelling, Accentuation, Plurals	90
1.12 Song: "O Estrangeiro" (1989) by Caetano Veloso	91
1.13 Carrying On - Drills on Communicative Competence	94
1.13.1 Situations to Use and Create With the Language	95
Nicknames (Port. apelidos, Span. apodos)	95
Semantic Fields	96
1.14 Active Vocabulary	99
Unit 2. Vamos Sair um Pouco	105
2. PONTOS DE ENCONTRO: RESTAURANTES, BARZINHOS E BOTECOS	106
2.1 Dialogue: No Restaurante	106
2.2 Irregular Verbs	109
2.2.1 Present Tense, Indicative Mode	109
2.2.2 A Comparison of Ser, Estar and Ficar	110
2.2.3 Ser, Estar and Ficar: More	112
2.2.4. Agreement with Ser	114
2.2.4 Estar: Present Progressive, Indicative Mode	118
2.3 Pronunciation: /a/ and /¿/	119
2.3.1 Pronunciation Review: /e/ and /_/, /o/ and /¿/	119
2.3.2 Pronunciation: /a/ and /¿/, /s/ and /z/	120
2.3.3 Pronunciation: /s/ and /z/	121
2.3.2.1 VISUAL Identification of Brazilian Portuguese Sounds	122
2.3.3.2 Sounds /e/ and /_/, /o/ and /¿/, /z/ and /¿/	122
2.4 Combination of em, de, a, por, and Articles	124
2.4.1 Obligatory Combinations (Definite Articles)	124
2.4.2 Optional Combinations (Indefinite Articles)	124
2.5 More Verbs	126
2.5.1 Present Tense, Indicative Mode: Ir, Ir + Infinitive	126
2.5.2 Present Tense, Indicative Mode: P¿r, Querer, Ter, Vir	127
2.6 Diminutives and Augmentatives	129
2.6.1 Diminutives	129
2.6.2 Augmentatives	131
2.7 Interrogative and Exclamatory Words: Word Order	131
2.7.1 Interrogatives	132
2.7.2 Exclamatory Words	132
2.7.3 Word Order	132
2.8 Comparatives and Superlatives	134
2.8.1 Comparatives	134
2.8.2 Superlatives	135
2.8.3 Comparatives and Superlatives of bom (Span. bueno), mau (Span. 
malo), grande (Span. grande) and pequeno (Span. peque¿o)	136
2.9 Cardinal Numbers: 0-29	138
2.8.1 Related Words	139
2.9 Constructions with Estar com and Ficar com	140
2.9.1 Common Combinations with Estar com and Ficar com	140
2.10 Dictation	142
2.11 Translation	142
2.12 Divers¿es, Bate-Bola e Pipoca Quentinha	143
2.13 Song: "Soy Loco por Ti, Am¿rica" (1967) by Gilberto Gil and Jos¿ Carlos 
Capinam	145
2.14 Carrying On - Drills on Communicative Competence	147
2.15 Active Vocabulary	153
Unit 3. Entre Familiares e Amigos	161
3. REUNINDO-SE COM A FAMêLIA	162
3.1 Dialogue: Dando um Telefonema	162
3.2 Present Tense, Indicative Mode	165
3.2.1 Dar, Dizer, Fazer, Medir, Ouvir, Pedir, Poder, Trazer, Saber	165
3.2.2 Verbs Ending in -cer	167
3.3 Pronunciation: /u/, /¿/; /_/, /_/; -m Endings	168
3.3.1 /u/ and /¿/	168
3.3.2 /_/ and /_/	168
3.3.3 -m Ending	170
3.3.4 Auditory Training and Production	170
Poema das Sete Faces, (1930) by Carlos Drummond de Andrade	171
"Uns" (1983), by Caetano Veloso	172
Na ch¿cara do Chico Bolacha, (1964) by Cec¿lia Meireles	172
3.4 Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns	174
3.4.1 Adjectives	175
3.4.2 Pronouns	176
3.5 Interrogative Words (continued)	178
3.5.1 Combined Forms	178
3.5.2 Por que, Porque, Por qu¿, and Porqu¿	178
3.6 Cardinal Numbers: 30-99	179
3.7 Spelling: The letters g/gu, g/j, c/¿, c/qu	182
3.7.1 Spelling Changes: Portuguese g, gu and j _ [g] and [_]	182
3.7.2 Spelling Changes: Portuguese c/¿, qu/c _ [s] and [k]	183
3.8 Dictation	184
3.9 Translation	185
3.10 Divers¿es, Bate-Bola e Pipoca Quentinha	186
3.11 Song: "Pedro Pedreiro," (1965) by Chico Buarque	189
3.12 Carrying On - Drills on Communicative Competence	191
3.13 Active Vocabulary	196
Unit 4. Fantasias, Sonhos e Realidades	199
4. NO MUNDO DA IMAGINA¿ÌO	200
4.1 Reading: O Menino Maluquinho, de Ziraldo (Alves Pinto)	200
4.2 Indicative Mode, Past and Present	202
4.2.1 Past: Preterite of Regular Verbs	203
4.2.2 Past: Imperfect of Regular Verbs	204
4.2.3 Past: Preterite and Imperfect: Ser, Ir, Estar, Poder, Ter	205
4.3 Pronunciation: /e/ and /_
/; /l/, /r/ and /R/	208
4.3.1 /e/ and /_
/	208
4.3.2 /l/, /r/ and /R/	209
4.3.3 Auditory Identification	211
4.3.4 Lip and Facial Gestures	212
Preg¿o do Vendedor de Lima and A Lua ¿ do Raul, (1964) by Cec¿lia 
Meireles	213
4.4 Expressions of Time	215
4.4.1 Telling Time	215
4.4.2 Days of the Week, Months, Special Vocabulary	217
4.4.3 Fazer and Haver	219
4.4.4 Weather and Time with Ser, Estar, Fazer, and Haver	220
4.5 Demonstratives: Adjectives and Pronouns	222
Ou Isto ou Aquilo, (1964) by Cec¿lia Meireles	222
4.5.1 Combinations with Em and De	224
4.5.2 Combinations with A	224
4.6 Prepositional Pronouns and Combinations	224
4.6.1 Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions	224
4.7 Cardinal Numbers: 100 - 1,000,000	225
4.8 Spelling: Letters a, e, ¿, i, o, ¿, u; p, b, t, d, f, v	228
4.9 Dictation	229
4.10 Translation	230
4.12 Divers¿es, Bate-Bola e Pipoca Quentinha	231
4.12.1 Subjunctive Sem Estresse	232
4.13 Song: "A Banda," (1966) Chico Buarque	233
4.14 Carrying On-Drills on Communicative Competence	236
4.15 Active Vocabulary: Measurements, Numbers, Interrogatives, Expressions of 
Time, General	239
Unit 5. Gestos Ling¿¿sticos e Culturais	243
5. A CULTURA DOS GESTOS LING¿êSTICOS	244
5.1 Reading: A Capoeira e o Berimbau	244
5.2 Indicative Mode, Past and Present	248
5.2.1 Past: Preterite	248
5.2.2 Past: Imperfect: P¿r, Vir, Haver	250
5.2.3 Present Tense, Mode Indicative of Servir, Repetir, Dormir, Tossir and 
Seguir	251
5.3 Pronunciation: Schwa, Lengthening and Diphthong	252
5.3.1 Vowel Reduction (schwa) and Lengthening (diphthongization)	253
5.3.2 Brazilian Portuguese Diphthongs and Their Spanish and English 
Equivalents	254
5.3.3 Auditory Identification	254
5.3.4 Pronunciation: Linking Cases	257
5.4 Special Vocabulary	259
5.4.1 Human Body	259
5.4.2 Expressions Referring to Body Parts	260
5.5 Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns: Usage and Placement	263
5.5.1 Placement and Usage of Pronouns: A Quick Reference Guide	263
5.5.2 Usage of Unstressed Pronouns: Detailed Presentation	265
5.5.3 Attachment of Unstressed Pronouns: Detailed Presentation	267
5.5.3.1 Finding the Direct and Indirect Pronouns	267
5.5.3.2 The Written (Careful) and Spoken (Informal) Languages	268
5.6 Ordinal Numbers: 1-1,000	275
5.7 Spelling: Nasalization with m, n, nh and 
	277
5.8 Dictation	278
5.9 Translation	279
5.10 Writing Drills: Letters and Messages	279
5.11 Divers¿es, Bate-Bola e Pipoca Quentinha	282
5.11.1 Subjunctive Sem Estresse	284
5.12 Song: "Meu Caro Amigo" (1976) by Chico Buarque and Francis Hime	285
5.13 Carrying On-Drills on Communicative Competence	287
5.14 Active Vocabulary	289
Unit 6. Cr¿nicas Brasileiras	293
6. UMA OLHADA RçPIDA NOS POVOS QUE FORMARAM O BRASIL	294
6.1 Reading: O Turco, by Fernando Sabino	295
6.2 Indicative Mode, Past Tense	297
6.2.1 Simple Past Perfect	297
6.2.2 Compounds: Present and Past Perfect	298
6.2.2.1 Past Participle Forms	299
6.2.3 Present Perfect - Exerc¿cios de fixa¿¿o	299
6.2.4 Past Perfect	303
6.3 Pronunciation Review: Open Vowels, Stops /b, d, g/	304
6.3.1 More Review of Open and Closed Vowels	304
6.3.2 Stops /b, d, g/	305
6.3.3 Transcription	306
6.4 Special Words	307
6.4.1 Mesmo in Emphatic Constructions	307
6.4.2 Ser Intrusivo	308
6.4.3 At¿	309
6.4.4 Mas, Mais, M¿s	310
6.5 Spelling: The letter x	310
6.6. Os "Turcos" e Outros Povos do Brasil	312
6.6 Dictation	314
6.7 Translation	315
6.8 Writing Drills	315
6.9 Divers¿es, Bate-Bola e Pipoca Quentinha	316
6.9.1 Placement of Object Pronouns	317
6.9.2 Subjunctive Sem Estresse	318
6.10 Songs: "No Dia em Que Eu Vim-me Embora" and "Sampa" both by 
Caetano Veloso	319
6.11 Carrying On-Drills on Communicative Competence	320
6.12 Active Vocabulary	321
Unit 7. As Viagens	323
7. A GEOGRAFIA DO BRASIL	324
7.1 Reading: F¿rias de Natal e Ano Novo	324
7.2 Indicative Mode, Future and Present	326
7.2.1 Simple Future	326
7.2.2 "Future of the Preterite" (Conditional)	328
7.2.3 Simple Present: Verbs Ending in -ear, -iar, -uir	330
7.2.4 Simple Present: Perder, Valer, Caber, Seguir	331
7.3 Pronunciation	332
7.3.1 /v/ and /b/	332
O Viol¿o e o Vil¿o, (1964) by Cec¿lia Meireles	333
7.3.2 Stress Differences	333
7.4 Feira/F¿rias/Feriado	335
7.5 Mapa e Regi¿es do Brasil	335
7.5.1 Use of Articles before Countries, States, and Cities	335
7.5.1 Symbols of Brazil: The Ip¿ Amarelo and Sabi¿	336
7.6 Expressions Using Embora and Saudade	338
7.7 The Personal Infinitive	339
7.8 Spelling: s, ss, ¿, z; -isar or -izar?	341
7.9 Dictation	342
7.10 Translation	342
7.11 Writing Drill: Composition	343
7.12 Divers¿es, Bate-Bola e Pipoca Quentinha	344
7.12.1 Subjunctive Sem Estresse	346
7.13 Song: "San Vicente," (1972) by Milton Nascimento and Fernando Brandt
	347
7.14 Carrying On-Drills on Communicative Competence	348
7.15 Active Vocabulary	351
Unit 8. Cuidando dos Filhos, da Vida e da Cozinha	355
8. DIçLOGO: CUIDANDO DOS FILHOS	356
8.1 Reading: Hora de Dormir	356
8.2 Indicative Mode, Reflexive Verbs, Impersonal Se and Passive Voice; Estar 
with Past Participle	359
8.2.1 Reflexive Verbs	359
8.2.2 Uses of Impersonal Se	367
8.2.3 Uses of (a) Gente	369
8.2.4 Passive Voice, Past Participle	370
8.2.5 Estar with Past Participle	374
8.3 Pronunciation Review	375
8.3.1 /e/ and /_/; /o/ and /¿/	375
8.4 Negations: N¿o, Nunca, Nenhum, Nenhuma, Ningu¿m, Nada, Nem; 
Absolutamente, Em Absoluto	377
8.4.1 Adverbs: N¿o, Nunca	377
8.4.2 Adjectives: Nenhum, Nenhuma	378
8.4.3 Pronouns: Ningu¿m, Nada, Nenhum, Nenhuma	378
8.4.4 Nem	378
8.4.5 Absolutamente, Em Absoluto	379
8.5 Todo(s), Toda(s), Tudo; Todo (o) Dia	379
8.6 Reading - Cuidando da Vida: "Ol¿, Ol¿," (1965) by Chico Buarque	380
8.7 Imperative Mode, All Verbs	382
8.7.1 Irregular Forms: Imperative	383
8.8 Reading - Carpe diem (Cuidando da Vida e da Cozinha): "Feijoada 
Completa," (1977) by Chico Buarque	384
8.8.1 Vocabulary for Food: Portuguese-Spanish-English	386
8.9 Writing Drill: Going from Verse into Prose; Writing Verses.	388
8.10 Dictation	389
8.11 Translation	389
8.12 Divers¿es, Bate-Bola e Pipoca Quentinha	391
8.12.1 Subjunctive Sem Estresse	392
8.13 Songs: "O Meu Guri" (1981) by Chico Buarque and Francis Hime	394
8.14 Carrying On-Drills on Communicative Competence	396
8.15 Active Vocabulary	397
Unit 9. Cultura e Divers¿es Populares	402
9. FUTEBOL, CARNAVAL E FOLCLORE: DIVERS'ES POPULARES	403
9.1 Reading: As Grandes Festas do Povo	403
"Atr¿s do Trio El¿trico," (1969) by Caetano Veloso	404
9.2 Subjunctive: General Remarks	406
9.2.1 Subjunctive Mode, Present	408
9.3 Infinitive and Personal Infinitive Instead of Subjunctive or Indicative	412
9.3.1 Infinitive Instead of the Present Subjunctive or Indicative	412
9.3.2 Infinitives in Spanish and Portuguese Compared	415
9.4 Comparisons: Adjectives and Adverbs	416
9.5 Reading: Matem¿tica, by Lu¿s F. Ver¿ssimo	417
9.6 Subjunctive Mode, Past or Imperfect and Future	420
9.6.1 Past Tense of the Subjunctive	420
9.6.2 Subjunctive vs Indicative in If-Clauses	422
9.6.3 Future Subjunctive	423
9.6.4 Adverbial Conjunctions - Indicative or Subjunctive: A Summary	426
Adverbial Conjunctions followed by the Subjunctive or Indicative	427
9.6.5 Future Subjunctive: Portuguese and Spanish Compared	428
9.7 Divers¿es, Bate-Bola e Pipoca Quentinha	428
9.8 Carrying On-Drills on Communicative Competence	430
Linking Words, Connectors - Cohesion	430
Cantigas de Roda	432
9.9 Active Vocabulary	433
Appendixes	436
Appendix-1 - Phonetic Symbols	437
Vowels in Brazilian Portuguese	438
Diphthongs in Brazilian Portuguese	439
Appendix-2 - The Alphabet	441
Consonant Clusters	442
Appendix-3 - Orthography	443
Lexical Notation: Portuguese Diacritics, Hyphen and Other Symbols	443
Accentuation in Brazilian Portuguese - portugu¿s-padr¿o	444
Rules of Accentuation Based on Native Speaker's Intuition	446
Divergences Between Portugal and Brazil Due to Different Pronunciation of 
Open and Closed Vowels	448
Syllabification	448
Reading Aloud According to the Written Language: Placement of Stress in 
Spoken Language	449
Appendix-4 - Por and Para	451
Appendix-5 - Articles, Their Combinations and Contractions with Prepositions
	452
Appendix-6 - Gender and Number	454
Appendix-7 - Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers; Related Expressions	456
Related Words	457
Dates in Portuguese Are Written This Way	457
Cardinals	457
Value and Use of Cardinals	458
Use of the Conjunction "e" With Cardinal Numbers	458
Ordinal Numbers	459
Values and Use of Ordinals	459
Use of Roman Numbers	459
Multiplicatives	460
Use of Multiplicatives	461
Fractionaries	461
Use of Fractionaries	461
Number Table	462
Grouping Numbers (n¿meros coletivos)	462
Appendix-8 - Pronouns	463
Clitic Attachment According to the Norm (portugu¿s-padr¿o)	464
General Rules According to the Norm	464
Clitic Attachment With One Verb	464
Clitic Attachment With More Than One Verb	466
Appendix-9 - Formal Forms of Address; Querido vs Caro; Tu, Voc¿, O Senhor, 
A Senhora, A gente	469
Querido e Caro; Tu e Voc¿	471
O Senhor, a Senhora e a Senhorita/a Menina	471
A Gente	472
Appendix-10 - Models of Formal and Informal Letters	473
Carta a um Reitor	473
Bilhete	475
Recado aos Pais	475
Carta de uma Amiga a um Amigo	476
Carta de Amor de Homem para uma Mulher	478
Carta de Amor de Mulher para Homem	479
Memorando Oficial	480
Memorando Expedido por "rg¿o N¿o Oficial	481
Modelo de Of¿cio	482
Carta Comercial Tradicional	483
Carta Comercial Moderna	484
Circulares	485
Carta-Circular de um Clube para seus Associados	486
Carta a um Arcebispo	489
Modelo de Memorando Oficial	490
Appendix-11: Portuguese Verbs	491
Regular Verbs: falar, comer, garantir	491
Irregular Verbs	494
Grupo I: abrir, aceitar, aderir, ... destruir, dirigir, distribuir, ... premiar, ... 
semear, suar, subtrair, tossir, trair, voar	495
Grupo II: ter, ser, estar, haver	500
Grupo III: caber, cobrir, construir, dar, ... sentir, trazer, ver, vir	503
Appendix-12: Rubrics for Presentations; Sample of an Exam	528
GENERAL INDEX	535
Vocabulary	550