edited by Stephan Thernstrom, Ann Orlov and Oscar Handlin
Harvard University Press, 1980 Cloth: 978-0-674-37512-3 Library of Congress Classification E184.A1H35 Dewey Decimal Classification 305.800973
ABOUT THIS BOOK | REVIEWS | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
From Acadians to Zoroastrians-Asians, American Indians, East Indians, West Indians, Europeans, Latin Americans, Afro-Americans, and Mexican Americans—the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups provides the first comprehensive and systematic review of the many peoples of this country. It should excite all Americans about their nation.
Informative and entertaining, this volume is an indispensable reference work for home, library and office. It establishes a foundation for the burgeoning field of ethnic studies; it will satisfy and stimulate the popular interest in ancestry and heritage. It is a guide to the history, culture, and distinctive characteristics of the more than 100 ethnic groups who live in the United States.
Each ethnic group is described in detail. The origins, history and present situation of the familiar as well as the virtually unknown are presented succinctly and objectively. Not only the immigrants and refugees who came voluntarily but also those already in the New World when the first Europeans arrived, those whose ancestors came involuntarily as slaves, and those who became part of the American population as a result of conquest or purchase and subsequent annexation figure in these pages. The English and the Estonians, the Germans and the Gypsies, the Swedes and the Serbs are interestingly juxtaposed. Even entries about relatively well-known groups offer new material and fresh interpretations. The articles on less well-known groups are the product of intensive research in primary sources; many provide the first scholarly discussion to appear in English. One hundred and twenty American and European contributors have been involved in this effort, writing either on individual groups or on broad themes relating to many.
The group entries are at the heart of the book, but it contains, in addition, a series of thematic essays that illuminate the key facets of ethnicity. Some of these are comparative; some philosophical; some historical; others focus on current policy issues or relate ethnicity to major subjects such as education, religion, and literature. American identity and Americanization, immigration policy and experience, and prejudice and discrimination in U.S. history are discussed at length. Several essays probe the complex interplay between assimilation and pluralism—perhaps the central theme in American history—and the complications of race and religion.
Numerous cross-references and brief identifications will aid the reader with unfamiliar terms and alternative group names. Eighty-seven maps, especially commissioned, show where different groups have originated. Annotated bibliographies contain suggestions for further reading and research. Appendix I, on methods of estimating the size of groups, leads the reader through a maze of conflicting statistics. Appendix II reproduces, in facsimile, hard-to-locate census and immigration materials, beginning with the first published report on the nativities of the population in 1850.
REVIEWS
Certain to be the standard reference work, to which scholars and lay people alike are certain to turn for many years to come. There is literally no other work which approaches it in comprehensiveness. Even more impressive, however, is the quality of the articles. The editors should be congratulated.
-- Seymour Martin Lipset
This is a major work of scholarship, something that has never been attempted before. It will be an enduring monument to the foresight and large-mindedness of those responsible for its landmark publication. It will be something our grandchildren will thank us for.
-- Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Acadians-Marietta M. LeBretonAfghans-David C. ChampagneAfricansAfro-Americans-Thomas C. HoltAlbaniansAleuts-Dorothy M. JonesAlsatians-Frederick C. LuebkeAmerican Indians-Edward H. SpicerAmish-John A. HostetlerAnglo-AmericanAnglo-SaxonAppalachians-Dwight Billings and David WallsArabs-Alixa NaffArmenians-Robert MirakAryanAsianAssyrians-Arian B. Ishaya and Eden NabyAustralians and New Zealanders-Andrew ParkinAustrians-Frederick C. LuebkeAzerbaijanis-Alexandre BennigsenBangladeshi-En a yet ur RahimBasques-William A. DouglassBelgians-Pierre-Henri LaurentBelorussians-Paul Robert MagocsiBosnian Muslims-William G. LockwoodBulgarians-Nikolay G. AltankovBurmeseCanadians, British-Alan A. BrookesCape Verdeans-Francis M. RogersCarpatho-Rusyns-Paul Robert MagocsiCentral and South Americans-Ann Orlov and Reed UedaChinese-H.M. LaiCopts-Raef MarcusCornish-John RoweCossacks-Paul Robert MagocsiCreole-Richard A. LongCroatsCubans-Lisandro PerezCzechs-Karen Johnson FreezeDanes-Dorothy Burton SkardalDominicans-Glenn L. HendricksDutch-Robert P. SwierengaEast Indians-Joan M. JensenEastern Catholics-Paul Robert MagocsiEastern Orthodox-Thomas E. BirdEnglish-Charlotte J. EricksonEskimos-Arthur E. HipplerEstonians-T�nu ParmingEthnic Heritage Studies ProgramFilipinos-H. Brett MelendyFinns-A. William HoglundForeign StockFrench-Patrice Louis Rene HigonnetFrench Canadians-Elliott Robert BarkanFrisiansGentileGeorgians-Nathela ChataraGermans-Kathleen Neils ConzenGermans from Russia-La Vern J. RippleyGreeks-Theodore SaloutosGypsies-Ian F. HancockHaitians-Michel S. LaguerreHawaiians-Alan HowardHispanicHungarians-Paula BenkartHutterites-John A. HostetlerIcelanders-Valdimar BjornsonIndochinese-Mary Bowen WrightIndonesiansIranians-John H. Lorentz and John T. WertimeIrish-Patrick J. BlessingItalians-Humbert S. NelliJapanese-Harry H.L. KitanoJews-Arthur A. GorenKalmyks-Arash BormanshinovKoreans-Hyung-chan KimKurds-Margaret KahnLatvians-Edgar AndersonLithuanians-Ar�nas AlisauskasLuxembourgers-Paul Robert MagocsiMacedoniansMalteseManx-Ann OrlovMexicans-Carlos E. CortesMormons-Dean L. MayMother TongueMuslims-Thomas PhilippNordicNorth Caucasians-Alexandre BennigsenNorwegians-Peter A. MunchOrientalOriental Orthodox-Thomas E. BirdOrthodox-Thomas E. BirdPacific Islanders-Bradd ShorePakistanis-Arif GhayurPennsylvania Germans-Don YoderPoles-Victor GreenePortuguese-Francis M. RogersPuerto Ricans-Joseph P. FitzpatrickRaceRomanians-Gerald J. BobangoRussians-Paul Robert MagocsiScotch-Irish-Maldwyn A. JonesScots-Gordon DonaldsonSerbs-Michael B. Petrovich and Joel HalpernSlovaks-M. Mark StolarikSlovenes-Rudolph M. SuselSouth Africans-Stanley MossSoutherners-John Shelton ReedSpaniardsSpanish-Frances Leon QuintanaSpanish-SurnameSwedes-Ulf BeijbomSwiss-Leo SchelbertTatars-Alexandre BennigsenTeutonicThaiTri-Racial IsolatesTurkestanis-Alexandre BennigsenTurks-Talat Sait HalmanUkrainians-Paul Robert MagocsiWelsh-Rowland BerthoffWends-George R. NielsenWest Indians-Reed UedaYankees-Oscar HandlinZoroastrians-Eden Naby
AMERICAN IDENTITY AND AMERICANIZATION--Philip GleasonAMERICAN INDIANS, FEDERAL POLICY TOWARD--Edward H. SpicerASSIMILATION AND PLURALISM--Harold J. AbramsonCONCEPTS OF ETHNICITY--William PetersenEDUCATION--Michael Olneck and Marvin LazersonFAMILY PATTERNS--Tamara K. Hareven and John ModellFOLKLORE--Roger D. AbrahamsHEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES--Noel J. Chrisman and Arthur KleinmanIMMIGRATION: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS--Richard A. EasterlinIMMIGRATION: HISTORY OF U.S. POLICY--William S. BernardIMMIGRATION: SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION--David WardINTERMARRIAGE--David M. HeerLABOR--David BrodyLANGUAGE: ISSUES AND LEGISLATION--Abigail M. ThernstromLANGUAGE MAINTENANCE--Joshua A. FishmanLEADERSHIP--John HighamLITERATURE AND ETHNICITY--Werner SollorsLOYALTIES: DUAL AND DIVIDED--Mona HarringtonMETHODS OF ESTIMATING THE SIZE OF GROUPS--Charles A. PriceNATURALIZATION AND CITIZENSHIP--Reed UedaPLURALISM: A HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE--Michael NovakPLURALISM: A POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE--Michael WalzerPOLITICS--Edward R. KantowiczPREJUDICE--Thomas F. PettigrewPREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION, HISTORY OF--George M. Fredrickson and Dale T. KnobelPREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION, POLICY AGAINST--Nathan Glazer and Reed UedaRELIGION--Harold J. AbramsonRESOURCES AND RESEARCH CENTERS--Edward KasinecSURVEY RESEARCH--James D. Wright, Peter H. Rossi, and Thomas F. Juravich
Afghanistan 3
Africa 7
Albania 24
Alsace and Lorraine 30
American Indian Tribes, c. 1600 60
Primary Location of 173 American In-
dian Groups, 1970 61
The Arab World 129
Armenia 137
Assyrian Homelands 161
East Central Europe 166
Azerbaijan 171
Bangladesh 172
Basque Provinces 173
Belgium 179
Belorussia 182
Central Yugoslavia 184
Bulgaria 186
Southern Canada 191
Cape Verde Islands 197
Carpatho-Rusyn Homelands 201
Central and South America 211
South China 218
Cornwall 243
Cossack Homelands 245
Croatia 248
Cuba 256
Czechoslovakia 262
Denmark 273
Hispaniola 282
Netherlands 284
India 297
England 321
Estonia 340
Philippines 355
Finland 363
France 380
Quebec 389
Frisian Homelands 401
Georgia 404
Germany 408
South Russia and the Ukraine 426
Greece 431
Hispaniola 446
Hungary 463
Iceland 474
Indochina 509
Iran 521
Ireland 525
Italy 546
Japan 561
Central Europe 580
South Russia 599
Korea 601
Kurdish Homelands 607
Latvia 638
Lithuania 665
Luxembourg 687
Macedonia 690
Malta 694
Isle of Man 696
Mexico 698
North Caucasus 749
Norway 751
Pacific Islands 763
Pakistan 768
Poland 788
Portugal 813
Azores and Madeira 813
Puerto Rico and the Mainland 859
Romania 880
European Russia 886
Ulster 895
Scotland 908
Yugoslavia 917
Slovakia 927
Slovenia 934
South Africa 942
Spain 948
Sweden 971
Switzerland 982
Tatar Homelands 988
Turkestani Homelands 992
Turkey 993
Ukraine 997
Wales 1011
Lusatia 1018
British West Indies 1021
Occupational distribution of Afro-Americans,
1890-1974 21
Percentages of Canadians in U.S. regions, 1880 193
Occupational distribution of British Canadians,
10 years and older, in the United States, 1880
and 1930 193
Carpatho-Rusyn church membership 202
Occupations of Carpatho-Rusyn males in Minne-
apolis, 1890-1960, by generation 203
Central and South Americans in the United
States 210
Median earnings by years of schooling and sex of
Spanish-origin groups, 1969 215
Number of earners per Spanish-origin family,
1970; median income of Spanish-origin fami-
lies, 1969 215
Percentage of foreign-born Spanish origin 12th
year of school or higher completed, 1970 216
Native-born persons of Spanish origin who have
completed 12th year of school or higher, 1970 216
Spanish-origin persons 16 years of age and over,
by broad occupational groups, 1970 217
Chinese population in the continental United
States, 1850-1975 223
Occupational distribution of Chinese in the con-
tinental United States, 1970 227
Chinese population in Hawaii, 1900-1970 231
Occupational distribution of Chinese,
15 years and older, in Hawaii, 1970 233
Czechs in the United States, 1870-1970 261
Czech immigration to the United States,
1850-1950 263
Regional distribution of Danes in the
United States, 1870 and 1970 276
Occupations of Danes before and after emigration
to the United States, 1868-1900 276
East Indian immigration to the United States,
1820-1976 296
Eastern Catholics in the United States 301
Regional distribution of the English-born in the
United States, 1850-1890 326
English-born inhabitants of selected cities, 1890 328
Occupational distribution of English- and Welsh-
born males, 10 years and older, in the U.S.
labor force, 1890 329
Immigration from England to the United States,
1881-1973 335
Number of English-born as percentage of foreign-
born and of total population of the United
States 335
Family characteristics of major immigrant
groups, 1909-1914 347
Percentages of New York City marriages outside
ethnic group, by generation, for selected
groups of men, 1908-1912 348
Percentages of women ever married, by age at
time of marriage and by nativity or race, 1910 348
Percentage of women in 1900 married 10-19
years who had borne only one or two children,
by national origin, generation, and place of resi-
dence 349
Percentage of children aged 10-15 in the labor
force in selected cities, by sex, nativity, or race,
and selected characteristics of manufacturing,
1900 351
Filipino immigration to the United States, 1966-
1976 362
Germans in the U.S. population, 1850-1970 406
German immigration by decade 410
Geographical distribution of German-born Amer-
icans 412
Numbers of German-born in selected U.S. cities,
1850-1950 413
Immigrants to the United States from Greece and
Asian Turkey, 1871-1975 432
Increase in U.S. population by component of
change, 1810-1970 476
Annual rate of immigration, 1820-1970 477
Immigrants admitted to the United States, 14
years and older, who could neither read nor
write, 1899-1910, by race or people 478
Distribution of total reported immigration, by
continent, 1821-1970 480
Major sources of immigrants from Europe and
Western Hemisphere, by country, 1821-1970 480
Average annual rate of intercontinental emigra-
tion from Europe per decade, by country, 1821-
1910 481
Immigrants by occupation at time of entry, 1821-
1920 482
Distribution of U.S. labor force in major occupa-
tional groups, by color, place of birth, and par-
entage, 1910 483
The effects of the quota acts on the volume and
sources of immigration 493
Relative regional representation of non-European
ethnic groups, 1970 498
Relative regional representation of European eth-
nic groups, by country of origin, 1970 499
Percentages of ethnic groups in central cities and
urban fringes, by country of origin and genera-
tion, 1970 500
Percentages of ethnic groups in small towns and
rural areas, by country of origin and generation,
1970 501
Percentage of population and relative regional
representation of ethnic groups, 1790 503
Regional distribution of the U.S. population,
1790-1970 504
Relative regional representation of Afro-Ameri-
cans, 1850-1970 505
Urban concentration of first-generation white
population, by country of origin, 1920 506
Irish immigration to the United States, 1820-
1975 528
Irish stock in the United States, 1850-1970 528
Irish-born by number and percent of total popula-
tion for selected years in ten cities of largest
Irish population in 1890 531
Occupational distribution of first- and second-
generation Irish males, 1950, and males of Irish
descent compared with the general male popu-
lation, 1969 541
Italian immigration to the United States, 1820-
1975 547
Population of Chicago's Near West Side Italian
district in 1898, by precinct 548
Italian immigrants in selected cities, 1870-1910 548
Italian population in the boroughs of New York
City, 1900-1920 549
Regional distribution of Italian Americans, 1970 558
Japanese in Hawaii, 1900-1970 562
Japanese in the continental United States and Ha-
waii, 1870-1970 562
Japanese immigration to the continental United
States, 1861-1940 563
Sex distribution of Japanese Americans, 1900-
1970 564
Jewish population of selected cities, 1948 and
1977 592
U.S. population claiming non-English mother
tongue, 1960 and 1970 632
Occupations prohibited to aliens, 1941 742
Aliens in the United States, 1890-1970 744
Aliens deported, 1892-1970 746
Percentage of foreign-born persons naturalized, by
country of origin, 1910-1970 747
Alien naturalization, 1907-1976 747
Major Polish-American fraternal associations,
1873-1920 795
Membership in selected Polish fraternal associa-
tions, 1924-1975 796
Portuguese immigration to the United States,
1820-1977 814
Portuguese nonterritorial parishes in the United
States, by community and date of founding 816
People of Puerto Rican origin in continental
United States and New York City, 1910-1970 860
Region of origin of 5,737 Scottish settlers in the
United States from colonial times through 1854 910
Occupations of 2,664 Scottish emigrants to the
United States from colonial times through 1854 912
Immigration from Spain to the United States,
1820-1976 949
Religious affiliations of the population of the
United States 960
National origins of the American population 965
Swiss stock in the United States, 1900 to 1970 981
Swiss immigration to the United States, 1821 to
1920 985
Ukrainian church membership 998
Ukrainians in selected states, 1930 and 1970 999
Selected Ukrainian fraternal societies, 1978 1002
Occupational distribution of U.S. white popula-
tion, British West Indian immigrants, U. S.
black, and other nonwhite population, 1973 1026
Population by ethnic origin 1035
Immigration by race or people, 1899-1952 1036
Language retention of four major American eth-
nic-origin groups, 1969 1040
Population, by sex and race: 1790 to 1970 1045
Foreign-born population, by sex and race: 1850 to
1970 1046
Immigration by country, for decades 1820 to 1975
Nativities of the population, by state of residence,
1850 1047
Geographical distribution of the foreign born,
1890 1050
Foreign-born population distributed according to
principal countries of birth: 1850 to 1890 1051
Foreign white stock, and foreign-bom separately,
by countries of origin distributed according to
mother tongues in detail, 1910 1052
Foreign white stock, and foreign-born white sepa-
rately, by mother tongues distributed according
to countries of origin in detail: 1910 1053
Country of origin of the foreign white stock, by
nativity and parentage, 1890-1920 1053
Country of origin of the foreign white stock, by
nativity and parentage, 1930 1055
Foreign-born white population by country of
birth, by states, 1950 1059
Country of origin of the foreign stock, by nativity,
color, and sex, 1960 1060
Country of origin of the foreign stock, by nativity
and race, 1970 1066
Mother tongue of the population, by nativity and
parentage, 1970 1067
Negro population by sex and urban and rural resi-
dence, 1970 1068
Japanese population by sex and urban and rural
residence, 1970 1069
Chinese population by sex and urban and rural
residence, 1970 1070
Filipino population by sex and urban and rural
residence, 1970 1071
Indian population of tribes by sex, age, and
whether living on identified reservations, 1970 1072
Persons naturalized, by country or region of for-
mer allegiance, 1966-1975 1074
Immigrants admitted, by country or region of
birth and major occupation, year ended June 30,
1975 1075
Population of Spanish origin by sex and type of
Spanish origin, for the United States and the
five southwestern states: March 1976 1076
Total and Spanish-origin population by age
groups, sex and type of Spanish origin, for the
United States: March 1976 1076
edited by Stephan Thernstrom, Ann Orlov and Oscar Handlin
Harvard University Press, 1980 Cloth: 978-0-674-37512-3
From Acadians to Zoroastrians-Asians, American Indians, East Indians, West Indians, Europeans, Latin Americans, Afro-Americans, and Mexican Americans—the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups provides the first comprehensive and systematic review of the many peoples of this country. It should excite all Americans about their nation.
Informative and entertaining, this volume is an indispensable reference work for home, library and office. It establishes a foundation for the burgeoning field of ethnic studies; it will satisfy and stimulate the popular interest in ancestry and heritage. It is a guide to the history, culture, and distinctive characteristics of the more than 100 ethnic groups who live in the United States.
Each ethnic group is described in detail. The origins, history and present situation of the familiar as well as the virtually unknown are presented succinctly and objectively. Not only the immigrants and refugees who came voluntarily but also those already in the New World when the first Europeans arrived, those whose ancestors came involuntarily as slaves, and those who became part of the American population as a result of conquest or purchase and subsequent annexation figure in these pages. The English and the Estonians, the Germans and the Gypsies, the Swedes and the Serbs are interestingly juxtaposed. Even entries about relatively well-known groups offer new material and fresh interpretations. The articles on less well-known groups are the product of intensive research in primary sources; many provide the first scholarly discussion to appear in English. One hundred and twenty American and European contributors have been involved in this effort, writing either on individual groups or on broad themes relating to many.
The group entries are at the heart of the book, but it contains, in addition, a series of thematic essays that illuminate the key facets of ethnicity. Some of these are comparative; some philosophical; some historical; others focus on current policy issues or relate ethnicity to major subjects such as education, religion, and literature. American identity and Americanization, immigration policy and experience, and prejudice and discrimination in U.S. history are discussed at length. Several essays probe the complex interplay between assimilation and pluralism—perhaps the central theme in American history—and the complications of race and religion.
Numerous cross-references and brief identifications will aid the reader with unfamiliar terms and alternative group names. Eighty-seven maps, especially commissioned, show where different groups have originated. Annotated bibliographies contain suggestions for further reading and research. Appendix I, on methods of estimating the size of groups, leads the reader through a maze of conflicting statistics. Appendix II reproduces, in facsimile, hard-to-locate census and immigration materials, beginning with the first published report on the nativities of the population in 1850.
REVIEWS
Certain to be the standard reference work, to which scholars and lay people alike are certain to turn for many years to come. There is literally no other work which approaches it in comprehensiveness. Even more impressive, however, is the quality of the articles. The editors should be congratulated.
-- Seymour Martin Lipset
This is a major work of scholarship, something that has never been attempted before. It will be an enduring monument to the foresight and large-mindedness of those responsible for its landmark publication. It will be something our grandchildren will thank us for.
-- Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Acadians-Marietta M. LeBretonAfghans-David C. ChampagneAfricansAfro-Americans-Thomas C. HoltAlbaniansAleuts-Dorothy M. JonesAlsatians-Frederick C. LuebkeAmerican Indians-Edward H. SpicerAmish-John A. HostetlerAnglo-AmericanAnglo-SaxonAppalachians-Dwight Billings and David WallsArabs-Alixa NaffArmenians-Robert MirakAryanAsianAssyrians-Arian B. Ishaya and Eden NabyAustralians and New Zealanders-Andrew ParkinAustrians-Frederick C. LuebkeAzerbaijanis-Alexandre BennigsenBangladeshi-En a yet ur RahimBasques-William A. DouglassBelgians-Pierre-Henri LaurentBelorussians-Paul Robert MagocsiBosnian Muslims-William G. LockwoodBulgarians-Nikolay G. AltankovBurmeseCanadians, British-Alan A. BrookesCape Verdeans-Francis M. RogersCarpatho-Rusyns-Paul Robert MagocsiCentral and South Americans-Ann Orlov and Reed UedaChinese-H.M. LaiCopts-Raef MarcusCornish-John RoweCossacks-Paul Robert MagocsiCreole-Richard A. LongCroatsCubans-Lisandro PerezCzechs-Karen Johnson FreezeDanes-Dorothy Burton SkardalDominicans-Glenn L. HendricksDutch-Robert P. SwierengaEast Indians-Joan M. JensenEastern Catholics-Paul Robert MagocsiEastern Orthodox-Thomas E. BirdEnglish-Charlotte J. EricksonEskimos-Arthur E. HipplerEstonians-T�nu ParmingEthnic Heritage Studies ProgramFilipinos-H. Brett MelendyFinns-A. William HoglundForeign StockFrench-Patrice Louis Rene HigonnetFrench Canadians-Elliott Robert BarkanFrisiansGentileGeorgians-Nathela ChataraGermans-Kathleen Neils ConzenGermans from Russia-La Vern J. RippleyGreeks-Theodore SaloutosGypsies-Ian F. HancockHaitians-Michel S. LaguerreHawaiians-Alan HowardHispanicHungarians-Paula BenkartHutterites-John A. HostetlerIcelanders-Valdimar BjornsonIndochinese-Mary Bowen WrightIndonesiansIranians-John H. Lorentz and John T. WertimeIrish-Patrick J. BlessingItalians-Humbert S. NelliJapanese-Harry H.L. KitanoJews-Arthur A. GorenKalmyks-Arash BormanshinovKoreans-Hyung-chan KimKurds-Margaret KahnLatvians-Edgar AndersonLithuanians-Ar�nas AlisauskasLuxembourgers-Paul Robert MagocsiMacedoniansMalteseManx-Ann OrlovMexicans-Carlos E. CortesMormons-Dean L. MayMother TongueMuslims-Thomas PhilippNordicNorth Caucasians-Alexandre BennigsenNorwegians-Peter A. MunchOrientalOriental Orthodox-Thomas E. BirdOrthodox-Thomas E. BirdPacific Islanders-Bradd ShorePakistanis-Arif GhayurPennsylvania Germans-Don YoderPoles-Victor GreenePortuguese-Francis M. RogersPuerto Ricans-Joseph P. FitzpatrickRaceRomanians-Gerald J. BobangoRussians-Paul Robert MagocsiScotch-Irish-Maldwyn A. JonesScots-Gordon DonaldsonSerbs-Michael B. Petrovich and Joel HalpernSlovaks-M. Mark StolarikSlovenes-Rudolph M. SuselSouth Africans-Stanley MossSoutherners-John Shelton ReedSpaniardsSpanish-Frances Leon QuintanaSpanish-SurnameSwedes-Ulf BeijbomSwiss-Leo SchelbertTatars-Alexandre BennigsenTeutonicThaiTri-Racial IsolatesTurkestanis-Alexandre BennigsenTurks-Talat Sait HalmanUkrainians-Paul Robert MagocsiWelsh-Rowland BerthoffWends-George R. NielsenWest Indians-Reed UedaYankees-Oscar HandlinZoroastrians-Eden Naby
AMERICAN IDENTITY AND AMERICANIZATION--Philip GleasonAMERICAN INDIANS, FEDERAL POLICY TOWARD--Edward H. SpicerASSIMILATION AND PLURALISM--Harold J. AbramsonCONCEPTS OF ETHNICITY--William PetersenEDUCATION--Michael Olneck and Marvin LazersonFAMILY PATTERNS--Tamara K. Hareven and John ModellFOLKLORE--Roger D. AbrahamsHEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES--Noel J. Chrisman and Arthur KleinmanIMMIGRATION: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS--Richard A. EasterlinIMMIGRATION: HISTORY OF U.S. POLICY--William S. BernardIMMIGRATION: SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION--David WardINTERMARRIAGE--David M. HeerLABOR--David BrodyLANGUAGE: ISSUES AND LEGISLATION--Abigail M. ThernstromLANGUAGE MAINTENANCE--Joshua A. FishmanLEADERSHIP--John HighamLITERATURE AND ETHNICITY--Werner SollorsLOYALTIES: DUAL AND DIVIDED--Mona HarringtonMETHODS OF ESTIMATING THE SIZE OF GROUPS--Charles A. PriceNATURALIZATION AND CITIZENSHIP--Reed UedaPLURALISM: A HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE--Michael NovakPLURALISM: A POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE--Michael WalzerPOLITICS--Edward R. KantowiczPREJUDICE--Thomas F. PettigrewPREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION, HISTORY OF--George M. Fredrickson and Dale T. KnobelPREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION, POLICY AGAINST--Nathan Glazer and Reed UedaRELIGION--Harold J. AbramsonRESOURCES AND RESEARCH CENTERS--Edward KasinecSURVEY RESEARCH--James D. Wright, Peter H. Rossi, and Thomas F. Juravich
Afghanistan 3
Africa 7
Albania 24
Alsace and Lorraine 30
American Indian Tribes, c. 1600 60
Primary Location of 173 American In-
dian Groups, 1970 61
The Arab World 129
Armenia 137
Assyrian Homelands 161
East Central Europe 166
Azerbaijan 171
Bangladesh 172
Basque Provinces 173
Belgium 179
Belorussia 182
Central Yugoslavia 184
Bulgaria 186
Southern Canada 191
Cape Verde Islands 197
Carpatho-Rusyn Homelands 201
Central and South America 211
South China 218
Cornwall 243
Cossack Homelands 245
Croatia 248
Cuba 256
Czechoslovakia 262
Denmark 273
Hispaniola 282
Netherlands 284
India 297
England 321
Estonia 340
Philippines 355
Finland 363
France 380
Quebec 389
Frisian Homelands 401
Georgia 404
Germany 408
South Russia and the Ukraine 426
Greece 431
Hispaniola 446
Hungary 463
Iceland 474
Indochina 509
Iran 521
Ireland 525
Italy 546
Japan 561
Central Europe 580
South Russia 599
Korea 601
Kurdish Homelands 607
Latvia 638
Lithuania 665
Luxembourg 687
Macedonia 690
Malta 694
Isle of Man 696
Mexico 698
North Caucasus 749
Norway 751
Pacific Islands 763
Pakistan 768
Poland 788
Portugal 813
Azores and Madeira 813
Puerto Rico and the Mainland 859
Romania 880
European Russia 886
Ulster 895
Scotland 908
Yugoslavia 917
Slovakia 927
Slovenia 934
South Africa 942
Spain 948
Sweden 971
Switzerland 982
Tatar Homelands 988
Turkestani Homelands 992
Turkey 993
Ukraine 997
Wales 1011
Lusatia 1018
British West Indies 1021
Occupational distribution of Afro-Americans,
1890-1974 21
Percentages of Canadians in U.S. regions, 1880 193
Occupational distribution of British Canadians,
10 years and older, in the United States, 1880
and 1930 193
Carpatho-Rusyn church membership 202
Occupations of Carpatho-Rusyn males in Minne-
apolis, 1890-1960, by generation 203
Central and South Americans in the United
States 210
Median earnings by years of schooling and sex of
Spanish-origin groups, 1969 215
Number of earners per Spanish-origin family,
1970; median income of Spanish-origin fami-
lies, 1969 215
Percentage of foreign-born Spanish origin 12th
year of school or higher completed, 1970 216
Native-born persons of Spanish origin who have
completed 12th year of school or higher, 1970 216
Spanish-origin persons 16 years of age and over,
by broad occupational groups, 1970 217
Chinese population in the continental United
States, 1850-1975 223
Occupational distribution of Chinese in the con-
tinental United States, 1970 227
Chinese population in Hawaii, 1900-1970 231
Occupational distribution of Chinese,
15 years and older, in Hawaii, 1970 233
Czechs in the United States, 1870-1970 261
Czech immigration to the United States,
1850-1950 263
Regional distribution of Danes in the
United States, 1870 and 1970 276
Occupations of Danes before and after emigration
to the United States, 1868-1900 276
East Indian immigration to the United States,
1820-1976 296
Eastern Catholics in the United States 301
Regional distribution of the English-born in the
United States, 1850-1890 326
English-born inhabitants of selected cities, 1890 328
Occupational distribution of English- and Welsh-
born males, 10 years and older, in the U.S.
labor force, 1890 329
Immigration from England to the United States,
1881-1973 335
Number of English-born as percentage of foreign-
born and of total population of the United
States 335
Family characteristics of major immigrant
groups, 1909-1914 347
Percentages of New York City marriages outside
ethnic group, by generation, for selected
groups of men, 1908-1912 348
Percentages of women ever married, by age at
time of marriage and by nativity or race, 1910 348
Percentage of women in 1900 married 10-19
years who had borne only one or two children,
by national origin, generation, and place of resi-
dence 349
Percentage of children aged 10-15 in the labor
force in selected cities, by sex, nativity, or race,
and selected characteristics of manufacturing,
1900 351
Filipino immigration to the United States, 1966-
1976 362
Germans in the U.S. population, 1850-1970 406
German immigration by decade 410
Geographical distribution of German-born Amer-
icans 412
Numbers of German-born in selected U.S. cities,
1850-1950 413
Immigrants to the United States from Greece and
Asian Turkey, 1871-1975 432
Increase in U.S. population by component of
change, 1810-1970 476
Annual rate of immigration, 1820-1970 477
Immigrants admitted to the United States, 14
years and older, who could neither read nor
write, 1899-1910, by race or people 478
Distribution of total reported immigration, by
continent, 1821-1970 480
Major sources of immigrants from Europe and
Western Hemisphere, by country, 1821-1970 480
Average annual rate of intercontinental emigra-
tion from Europe per decade, by country, 1821-
1910 481
Immigrants by occupation at time of entry, 1821-
1920 482
Distribution of U.S. labor force in major occupa-
tional groups, by color, place of birth, and par-
entage, 1910 483
The effects of the quota acts on the volume and
sources of immigration 493
Relative regional representation of non-European
ethnic groups, 1970 498
Relative regional representation of European eth-
nic groups, by country of origin, 1970 499
Percentages of ethnic groups in central cities and
urban fringes, by country of origin and genera-
tion, 1970 500
Percentages of ethnic groups in small towns and
rural areas, by country of origin and generation,
1970 501
Percentage of population and relative regional
representation of ethnic groups, 1790 503
Regional distribution of the U.S. population,
1790-1970 504
Relative regional representation of Afro-Ameri-
cans, 1850-1970 505
Urban concentration of first-generation white
population, by country of origin, 1920 506
Irish immigration to the United States, 1820-
1975 528
Irish stock in the United States, 1850-1970 528
Irish-born by number and percent of total popula-
tion for selected years in ten cities of largest
Irish population in 1890 531
Occupational distribution of first- and second-
generation Irish males, 1950, and males of Irish
descent compared with the general male popu-
lation, 1969 541
Italian immigration to the United States, 1820-
1975 547
Population of Chicago's Near West Side Italian
district in 1898, by precinct 548
Italian immigrants in selected cities, 1870-1910 548
Italian population in the boroughs of New York
City, 1900-1920 549
Regional distribution of Italian Americans, 1970 558
Japanese in Hawaii, 1900-1970 562
Japanese in the continental United States and Ha-
waii, 1870-1970 562
Japanese immigration to the continental United
States, 1861-1940 563
Sex distribution of Japanese Americans, 1900-
1970 564
Jewish population of selected cities, 1948 and
1977 592
U.S. population claiming non-English mother
tongue, 1960 and 1970 632
Occupations prohibited to aliens, 1941 742
Aliens in the United States, 1890-1970 744
Aliens deported, 1892-1970 746
Percentage of foreign-born persons naturalized, by
country of origin, 1910-1970 747
Alien naturalization, 1907-1976 747
Major Polish-American fraternal associations,
1873-1920 795
Membership in selected Polish fraternal associa-
tions, 1924-1975 796
Portuguese immigration to the United States,
1820-1977 814
Portuguese nonterritorial parishes in the United
States, by community and date of founding 816
People of Puerto Rican origin in continental
United States and New York City, 1910-1970 860
Region of origin of 5,737 Scottish settlers in the
United States from colonial times through 1854 910
Occupations of 2,664 Scottish emigrants to the
United States from colonial times through 1854 912
Immigration from Spain to the United States,
1820-1976 949
Religious affiliations of the population of the
United States 960
National origins of the American population 965
Swiss stock in the United States, 1900 to 1970 981
Swiss immigration to the United States, 1821 to
1920 985
Ukrainian church membership 998
Ukrainians in selected states, 1930 and 1970 999
Selected Ukrainian fraternal societies, 1978 1002
Occupational distribution of U.S. white popula-
tion, British West Indian immigrants, U. S.
black, and other nonwhite population, 1973 1026
Population by ethnic origin 1035
Immigration by race or people, 1899-1952 1036
Language retention of four major American eth-
nic-origin groups, 1969 1040
Population, by sex and race: 1790 to 1970 1045
Foreign-born population, by sex and race: 1850 to
1970 1046
Immigration by country, for decades 1820 to 1975
Nativities of the population, by state of residence,
1850 1047
Geographical distribution of the foreign born,
1890 1050
Foreign-born population distributed according to
principal countries of birth: 1850 to 1890 1051
Foreign white stock, and foreign-bom separately,
by countries of origin distributed according to
mother tongues in detail, 1910 1052
Foreign white stock, and foreign-born white sepa-
rately, by mother tongues distributed according
to countries of origin in detail: 1910 1053
Country of origin of the foreign white stock, by
nativity and parentage, 1890-1920 1053
Country of origin of the foreign white stock, by
nativity and parentage, 1930 1055
Foreign-born white population by country of
birth, by states, 1950 1059
Country of origin of the foreign stock, by nativity,
color, and sex, 1960 1060
Country of origin of the foreign stock, by nativity
and race, 1970 1066
Mother tongue of the population, by nativity and
parentage, 1970 1067
Negro population by sex and urban and rural resi-
dence, 1970 1068
Japanese population by sex and urban and rural
residence, 1970 1069
Chinese population by sex and urban and rural
residence, 1970 1070
Filipino population by sex and urban and rural
residence, 1970 1071
Indian population of tribes by sex, age, and
whether living on identified reservations, 1970 1072
Persons naturalized, by country or region of for-
mer allegiance, 1966-1975 1074
Immigrants admitted, by country or region of
birth and major occupation, year ended June 30,
1975 1075
Population of Spanish origin by sex and type of
Spanish origin, for the United States and the
five southwestern states: March 1976 1076
Total and Spanish-origin population by age
groups, sex and type of Spanish origin, for the
United States: March 1976 1076