The interactions between the elites and the lower classes of Latin America are explored from the divergent perspectives of three eminent historians in this volume. The result is a counterbalance of viewpoints on the urban and the rural, the rich and the poor, and the Europeanized and the traditional of Latin America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

E. Bradford Burns advances the view that two cultures were in conflict in nineteenth-century Latin America: that of the modernizing, European-oriented elite, and that of the “common folk” of mixed racial background who lived close to the earth. Thomas E. Skidmore discusses the emerging field of labor history in twentieth-century Latin America, suggesting that the historical roots of today’s exacerbated tensions lie in the secular struggle of army against workers that he describes. In the introduction, Richard Graham takes issue with both authors on certain basic premises and points out implications of their essays for the understanding of North American as well as Latin American history.

• Foreword (Ann Q. Tiller)
• Popular Challenges and Elite Responses: An Introduction (Richard Graham)
• Cultures in Conflict: The Implication of Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Latin America (E. Bradford Burns)
• Workers and Soldiers: Urban Labor Movements and Elite Responses in Twentieth-Century Latin America (Thomas E. Skidmore)
• Notes