Harvard University Press, 2000 eISBN: 978-0-674-97109-7 | Cloth: 978-0-674-80109-7 | Paper: 978-0-674-00980-6 Library of Congress Classification QP493.B47 2000 Dewey Decimal Classification 612.82
ABOUT THIS BOOK | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK In this erudite and witty book, neuroscientist Alain Berthoz describes how human beings on earth perceive and control bodily movement. In his view, the brain acts like a simulator that is constantly inventing models to project onto the changing world, models that are corrected by steady, minute feedback from the world. This interpretation allows Berthoz to focus on psychological phenomena largely ignored in standard texts: proprioception and kinaesthesis, the mechanisms that maintain balance and coordinate actions, and basic perceptual and memory processes involved in navigation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION I
1 PERCEPTION IS SIMULATED ACTION 9
The Motor Theory of Perception 9
The Concept of Acceptor of the Results of Action 11
Bernstein's Comparator 13
Memory Predicts the Consequences of Action 17
Mental Nodes 19
Mirror Neurons 20
Simulation, Emulation, or Representation? 21
2 THE SENSE OF MOVEMENT: A SIXTH SENSE? 25
Proprioception 27
The Vestibulary System: An Inertial Center? 32
The Functions of the Vestibular System 43
Seeing Movement 50
3 BUILDING COHERENCE 57
How Vision Detects Movement 60
Visual Movement and Vestibular Receptors 64
Am I in my Bed or Hanging from the Ceiling? 69
The Coherence between Seeing and Hearing 77
The Problem of the Coherence and Unity of Perception 90
Autism: The Disintegration of Coherence? 93
4 FRAMES OF REFERENCE 97
Personal Space and Extrapersonal Space 98
Egocentric and Allocentric Frames of Reference 99
Natural Frames of Reference 100
Selecting Frames of Reference 109
5 A MEMORY FOR PREDICTING 115
Topographic Memory or Topokinetic Memory? 117
The Neural Basis of Spatial Memory: The Role of the Hippocampus 126
6 NATURAL MOVEMENT 137
Pioneers 139
The Problem of Number of Degrees of Freedom IqI
The Invention of the Eye 147
The Form of a Drawing Is Produced by the Law of Maximal Smoothness 151
7 SYNERGIES AND STRATEGIES 154
Vestibular Axon Branching and Gaze Stabilization 155
The Baby Fish that Wanted to Swim Flat on Its Stomach 158
The Neural Bases for Encoding Movement of the Arms I6o
Coordination of Synergies 162
8 CAPTURE 165
The Toad's Decision 166
The Art of Braking 168
What If Newton Had Wanted to Catch the Apple? 172
9 THE LOOK THAT INVESTIGATES THE WORLD 181
Gaze Orientation 181
"Go Where I'm Looking," not "Look Where I'm Going" 185
Eye-to-Eye Contact 185
Gaze and Emotion 188
The Neural Basis of Gaze-Orienting Reactions 190
10 VISUAL EXPLORATION 192
The Brain Is a Fiery Steed 192
A Model of Perception-Action Relationships 195
Imagined Movement and Actual Movement 211
Dynamic Memory and Predictive Control of Movements 212
Was Piaget Right? 214
11 Balance 216
A Physiology of Reaction 217
How to Make the University of Edinburgh Oscillate 218
Toward a Projective Physiology 221
12 ADAPTATION 233
Adaptation and Substitution 234
The Rheumatologist and the Ophthalmologist 238
The Role of Activity in Compensating for and Preventing Disorientation 239
13 THE DISORIENTED BRAIN: ILLUSIONS ARE SOLUTIONS 242
Illusion: The Best Possible Hypothesis 243
Illusions Caused by Acceleration and Gravity 244
Illusions of Movement of the Limbs 248
Space and Motion Sickness 250
A Few Other Illusions 252
14 ARCHITECTS HAVE FORGOTTEN THE PLEASURE OP MOVEMENT 255
CONCLUSION: TOWARD A TOLERANT PERCEPTION 261
Notes 269
Works Cited 300
Credits 327
Index 329
Harvard University Press, 2000 eISBN: 978-0-674-97109-7 Cloth: 978-0-674-80109-7 Paper: 978-0-674-00980-6
In this erudite and witty book, neuroscientist Alain Berthoz describes how human beings on earth perceive and control bodily movement. In his view, the brain acts like a simulator that is constantly inventing models to project onto the changing world, models that are corrected by steady, minute feedback from the world. This interpretation allows Berthoz to focus on psychological phenomena largely ignored in standard texts: proprioception and kinaesthesis, the mechanisms that maintain balance and coordinate actions, and basic perceptual and memory processes involved in navigation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION I
1 PERCEPTION IS SIMULATED ACTION 9
The Motor Theory of Perception 9
The Concept of Acceptor of the Results of Action 11
Bernstein's Comparator 13
Memory Predicts the Consequences of Action 17
Mental Nodes 19
Mirror Neurons 20
Simulation, Emulation, or Representation? 21
2 THE SENSE OF MOVEMENT: A SIXTH SENSE? 25
Proprioception 27
The Vestibulary System: An Inertial Center? 32
The Functions of the Vestibular System 43
Seeing Movement 50
3 BUILDING COHERENCE 57
How Vision Detects Movement 60
Visual Movement and Vestibular Receptors 64
Am I in my Bed or Hanging from the Ceiling? 69
The Coherence between Seeing and Hearing 77
The Problem of the Coherence and Unity of Perception 90
Autism: The Disintegration of Coherence? 93
4 FRAMES OF REFERENCE 97
Personal Space and Extrapersonal Space 98
Egocentric and Allocentric Frames of Reference 99
Natural Frames of Reference 100
Selecting Frames of Reference 109
5 A MEMORY FOR PREDICTING 115
Topographic Memory or Topokinetic Memory? 117
The Neural Basis of Spatial Memory: The Role of the Hippocampus 126
6 NATURAL MOVEMENT 137
Pioneers 139
The Problem of Number of Degrees of Freedom IqI
The Invention of the Eye 147
The Form of a Drawing Is Produced by the Law of Maximal Smoothness 151
7 SYNERGIES AND STRATEGIES 154
Vestibular Axon Branching and Gaze Stabilization 155
The Baby Fish that Wanted to Swim Flat on Its Stomach 158
The Neural Bases for Encoding Movement of the Arms I6o
Coordination of Synergies 162
8 CAPTURE 165
The Toad's Decision 166
The Art of Braking 168
What If Newton Had Wanted to Catch the Apple? 172
9 THE LOOK THAT INVESTIGATES THE WORLD 181
Gaze Orientation 181
"Go Where I'm Looking," not "Look Where I'm Going" 185
Eye-to-Eye Contact 185
Gaze and Emotion 188
The Neural Basis of Gaze-Orienting Reactions 190
10 VISUAL EXPLORATION 192
The Brain Is a Fiery Steed 192
A Model of Perception-Action Relationships 195
Imagined Movement and Actual Movement 211
Dynamic Memory and Predictive Control of Movements 212
Was Piaget Right? 214
11 Balance 216
A Physiology of Reaction 217
How to Make the University of Edinburgh Oscillate 218
Toward a Projective Physiology 221
12 ADAPTATION 233
Adaptation and Substitution 234
The Rheumatologist and the Ophthalmologist 238
The Role of Activity in Compensating for and Preventing Disorientation 239
13 THE DISORIENTED BRAIN: ILLUSIONS ARE SOLUTIONS 242
Illusion: The Best Possible Hypothesis 243
Illusions Caused by Acceleration and Gravity 244
Illusions of Movement of the Limbs 248
Space and Motion Sickness 250
A Few Other Illusions 252
14 ARCHITECTS HAVE FORGOTTEN THE PLEASURE OP MOVEMENT 255
CONCLUSION: TOWARD A TOLERANT PERCEPTION 261
Notes 269
Works Cited 300
Credits 327
Index 329