Wrestling with God: The Courts' Tortuous Treatment of Religion
by Patrick M. Garry
Catholic University of America Press, 2006 eISBN: 978-0-8132-1607-2 | Paper: 978-0-8132-1515-0 | Cloth: 978-0-8132-1451-1 Library of Congress Classification KF4783.G37 2006 Dewey Decimal Classification 342.730852
ABOUT THIS BOOK | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK Courts have often treated the two religion clauses of the First Amendment as contradictory, with the free exercise clause used to protect religious practices and the establishment clause employed to limit the public expression of religious beliefs. Wrestling with God not only reconciles the relationship between the two clauses but also distinguishes them in terms of their respective purposes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
INTRODUCTION
WRONG TURNS IN THE JUDICIAL TREATMENT OF RELIGION 1
CHAPTER ONE
AN INEQUALITY AMONG EQUALS
Disparities in Judicial Treatment
???...?????????????????22
Religious Exercise is not Diminished by the Establishment Clause
????????24
Courts Scrutinize Speech Claims More Carefully Than Religion Claims
?????...26
The Differing Placement of Burdens
????????????????????29
Differing Treatments of Offensiveness
???????????????????33
Mere Risk versus Likely Probability
????????????????????36
The Free Speech Strategy in Religion Cases
????????????????...39
Consequences of the Free Speech Strategy
?????????????????.43
Notes ????????????????????????????????49
CHAPTER TWO
TURNING THE FIRST AMENDMENT AGAINST RELIGION
Setting the Clauses Against Each
Other???????????????????62
Building the Wall
???????????????????????????.63
The Judicial Shift with Lemon
??????????????????????.71
Notes ????????????????????????????????75
CHAPTER THREE
ESTABLISHMENT DOCTRINES THAT HAVE FALLEN SHORT
A Confused Jurisprudence
???????????????????????...80
Pitfalls of the Endorsement Test
...????????????????????..83
Notes ????????????????????????????????97
CHAPTER FOUR
THE NEUTRALITY COMPROMISE
??????????????????????????????????.103
The Neutrality Approach to Religion Cases
????????????????..104
Neutrality Governs Both Exercise and Establishment Cases
??????????106
Persisting Formalisms ????????????????????????...107
Drawbacks of the Neutrality Doctrine
??????????????????...113
Notes ???????????????????????????????..121
CHAPTER FIVE
THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE WITH RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT
??????????????????????????????????..128
Eighteenth-Century Views on the Need for Religion in a Democracy
??????...129
Government Recognition and Support of Religion
??????????????131
The Public Expression of Religious Views
?????????????????.133
The Eighteenth Century Understanding of Establishment
???????????.134
The Tradition of Nonpreferential Aid to Religion
??????????????..136
The Framers' Understanding of Religion's Public Role
???????????...140
Drafting and Debating the First Amendment
????????????????142
The Post-Ratification Environment
????????????????????144
Remaining Vestiges of Religion's Public Role
???????????????...146
Notes ???????????????????????????????..149
CHAPTER SIX
THE CULTURAL SUSPCION
??????????????????????????????????.160
The Critics ?????????????????????????????.161
Judicial Reflections of the Hostility Toward Religion
????????????..163
The Cultural Rebellion Against Religion
?????????????????..168
Institutional Hostilities to Religion
???????????????????...170
The Politicization of Religion
??????????????????????177
The Secularization of America's Civil Religion
???????????????180
Notes ???????????????????????????????.182
CHAPTER SEVEN
A SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE
??????????????????????????????????.188
The Unitary Nature of the Two Religion Clauses
??????????????..189
Constitutional Logic Requires Two Clauses to be Complimentary
???????...191
The Exercise Clause is the Primary Clause
????????????????...191
Distinctions Between the Exercise and Establishment Clauses
?????????.195
The Establishment Clause and Accommodation
???????????????202
Government is not the Focus of the Establishment Clause ???????????208
Notes ???????????????????????????????..210
CHAPTER EIGHT
IF NOT NEUTRALITY, THEN WHAT?
THE CASE FOR NONPREFERENTIAL FAVORITISM OF RELIGION
??????????????????????????????????..218
Nondiscriminatory Aid to Religion ???????????????????....219
The Special Value of Religion ??????????????????????221
Reasons to Favor Religion ???????????????????????.226
The Accommodation Doctrine and Nonpreferentialism ????????????230
The Logic of Accommodation Refutes Neutrality ??????????????..235
Notes ???????????????????????????????..238
CONCLUSION
??????????????????????????????????..243
Notes ???????????????????????????????..247
Wrestling with God: The Courts' Tortuous Treatment of Religion
by Patrick M. Garry
Catholic University of America Press, 2006 eISBN: 978-0-8132-1607-2 Paper: 978-0-8132-1515-0 Cloth: 978-0-8132-1451-1
Courts have often treated the two religion clauses of the First Amendment as contradictory, with the free exercise clause used to protect religious practices and the establishment clause employed to limit the public expression of religious beliefs. Wrestling with God not only reconciles the relationship between the two clauses but also distinguishes them in terms of their respective purposes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
INTRODUCTION
WRONG TURNS IN THE JUDICIAL TREATMENT OF RELIGION 1
CHAPTER ONE
AN INEQUALITY AMONG EQUALS
Disparities in Judicial Treatment
???...?????????????????22
Religious Exercise is not Diminished by the Establishment Clause
????????24
Courts Scrutinize Speech Claims More Carefully Than Religion Claims
?????...26
The Differing Placement of Burdens
????????????????????29
Differing Treatments of Offensiveness
???????????????????33
Mere Risk versus Likely Probability
????????????????????36
The Free Speech Strategy in Religion Cases
????????????????...39
Consequences of the Free Speech Strategy
?????????????????.43
Notes ????????????????????????????????49
CHAPTER TWO
TURNING THE FIRST AMENDMENT AGAINST RELIGION
Setting the Clauses Against Each
Other???????????????????62
Building the Wall
???????????????????????????.63
The Judicial Shift with Lemon
??????????????????????.71
Notes ????????????????????????????????75
CHAPTER THREE
ESTABLISHMENT DOCTRINES THAT HAVE FALLEN SHORT
A Confused Jurisprudence
???????????????????????...80
Pitfalls of the Endorsement Test
...????????????????????..83
Notes ????????????????????????????????97
CHAPTER FOUR
THE NEUTRALITY COMPROMISE
??????????????????????????????????.103
The Neutrality Approach to Religion Cases
????????????????..104
Neutrality Governs Both Exercise and Establishment Cases
??????????106
Persisting Formalisms ????????????????????????...107
Drawbacks of the Neutrality Doctrine
??????????????????...113
Notes ???????????????????????????????..121
CHAPTER FIVE
THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE WITH RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT
??????????????????????????????????..128
Eighteenth-Century Views on the Need for Religion in a Democracy
??????...129
Government Recognition and Support of Religion
??????????????131
The Public Expression of Religious Views
?????????????????.133
The Eighteenth Century Understanding of Establishment
???????????.134
The Tradition of Nonpreferential Aid to Religion
??????????????..136
The Framers' Understanding of Religion's Public Role
???????????...140
Drafting and Debating the First Amendment
????????????????142
The Post-Ratification Environment
????????????????????144
Remaining Vestiges of Religion's Public Role
???????????????...146
Notes ???????????????????????????????..149
CHAPTER SIX
THE CULTURAL SUSPCION
??????????????????????????????????.160
The Critics ?????????????????????????????.161
Judicial Reflections of the Hostility Toward Religion
????????????..163
The Cultural Rebellion Against Religion
?????????????????..168
Institutional Hostilities to Religion
???????????????????...170
The Politicization of Religion
??????????????????????177
The Secularization of America's Civil Religion
???????????????180
Notes ???????????????????????????????.182
CHAPTER SEVEN
A SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE
??????????????????????????????????.188
The Unitary Nature of the Two Religion Clauses
??????????????..189
Constitutional Logic Requires Two Clauses to be Complimentary
???????...191
The Exercise Clause is the Primary Clause
????????????????...191
Distinctions Between the Exercise and Establishment Clauses
?????????.195
The Establishment Clause and Accommodation
???????????????202
Government is not the Focus of the Establishment Clause ???????????208
Notes ???????????????????????????????..210
CHAPTER EIGHT
IF NOT NEUTRALITY, THEN WHAT?
THE CASE FOR NONPREFERENTIAL FAVORITISM OF RELIGION
??????????????????????????????????..218
Nondiscriminatory Aid to Religion ???????????????????....219
The Special Value of Religion ??????????????????????221
Reasons to Favor Religion ???????????????????????.226
The Accommodation Doctrine and Nonpreferentialism ????????????230
The Logic of Accommodation Refutes Neutrality ??????????????..235
Notes ???????????????????????????????..238
CONCLUSION
??????????????????????????????????..243
Notes ???????????????????????????????..247
