ABOUT THIS BOOK

In 1926, Harold Keltner, a YMCA Boys Work secretary from St. Louis, and Joe Friday, a member of the Canadian Ojibwe First Peoples, channeled white middle-class fascination with Native Americans into what became the Y-Indian Guides youth program, engaging over a half million participants across the nation at the height of its 77-year history. Intended to soften the stereotypical stern father, the program traced a complicated thread of American history, touching upon themes of family, race, class, and privilege.

The Y-Indian Guides was a father-son (and later parent-child) program that encouraged real and enduring bonds through play and an authentic appreciation of family. While “playing Indian” seemed harmless to most participants during the program’s heyday, Paul Hillmer and Ryan Bean demonstrate the problematic nature of its methods. In the process of seeking to admire and emulate Indigenous Peoples, Y-Indian Guide participants often misrepresented American Indians and reinforced harmful stereotypes. Ultimately, this history demonstrates many ways in which American culture undermines and harms its Indigenous communities.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Paul Hillmer is the Dean of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences and a Professor of History at Concordia University-St. Paul. His research focuses on Southeast Asia, especially among the Hmong hill tribes of Laos who became refugees and settled in America, and the history of the YMCA. He has written histories of the Cleveland and Minneapolis YMCAs, produced a History Channel-funded documentary, From Strangers to Neighbors, about Hmong settlements in the Twin Cities, and authored A People’s History of the Hmong.

Ryan Bean is the Reference and Outreach Archivist for the Kautz Family YMCA Archives at the University of Minnesota Libraries, a position he has held since 2009. Bean has contributed chapters to academic volumes on themes as diverse as the YMCA in China and the role of archives in undergraduate education. He has also contributed numerous articles to various YMCA publications on themes related to the history of the YMCA.

REVIEWS

“The narrative attends to an important chapter in our (western) histories of masculinity, colonialism, fatherhood/boyhood, and Indigeneity.”—Jason Edward Black, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, coauthor of Mascot Nation: The Controversy over Native American Representations in Sports

“Hillmer and Bean’s sophisticated historical analysis of YMCA Indian Guides wrestles with the central problematic of progressive multiculturalism in a settler colonial nation: the desire to champion and recreate Indigenous culture while evading both the lived reality of Indigenous people as well as a formal reckoning with the white history of genocidal violence. Inappropriation: The Contested Legacy of Y-Indian Guides illustrates how white people symbolically and materially colonized Indigenous people and traditions to strengthen white familial bonds at the cost of American Indian history and dignity. The book brings new and important insights on the use of Indigenous caricature and cultural appropriation in the white colonial imaginary.”—Casey Ryan Kelly, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, author of Apocalypse Man: The Death Drive and the Rhetoric of White Masculine Victimhood

"Cultural appropriation has been an ever-present characteristic of settler colonialism in North America. In their examination of the Y-Indian Guides program, Paul Hillmer and Ryan Bean demonstrate how the program, over its 77 years of existence, appropriated Indigenous experiences and imagery in the service of strengthening family, building community, and, much more problematically, honoring Indigenous peoples and cultures. This book joins a growing and important literature examining how North American institutions have affected and been affected by settler colonialism."—Jon Weier, George Brown College, coeditor of ActiveHistory.ca

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

List of Illustrations

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Chapter One. The YMCA and Social Change, 1844–1925

Chapter Two. “White Men Raise Cities; Red Men Raise Sons”

Chapter Three. The “Indian” in Indian Guides

Chapter Four. A National Movement

Chapter Five. The Promise of the Program

Chapter Six. “The Real Feelings and Concerns of the Indian”: The Fracturing of Y-Indian Guides

Chapter Seven. “We Couldn’t Fix It”: Removing the “Indian” from Indian Guides

Epilogue

Notes

Index

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