On July 1, 1523, Johann van den Eschen and Hendrik Voes, two Augustinians friars from Antwerp, were burned on the Grand Plaza in Brussels, thereby becoming the first victims of the Reformation. Despite being well-known, the event barely registers in most Reformation histories. By tracing its origins and examining the impact of the executions on Martin Luther, on the Reformed Augustinian world, and on the early Reformation in the Low Countries and the German speaking lands, this study definitively demonstrates that the burnings were in fact the dénouement of broader trends within Late Medieval Reformed Augustinianism, as well as a watershed in the early Reformation. In doing so, it also reveals the central role played by the Augustinian friars of Lower Germany in shaping both the content and spread of the early Reformation, as well as Wittenberg's influence on the events leading up to these first executions.

Robert J. Christman is Professor of History at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, USA. His publications include Doctrinal Controversy and Lay Religiosity in Late Reformation Germany: The Case of Mansfeld (2012) and numerous articles. His research focuses on the Reformation in the German speaking lands and in the Low Countries.

Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction: The Reformed Augustinians of Lower Germany Chapter 2: The German Reformed Congregation and its Province of Lower Germany Chapter 3: The Antwerp Cloister Chapter 4: The Authorities Respond: Pope and Emperor Seize the Initiative Chapter 5: Wittenberg's Influence on the Events in Lower Germany Chapter 6: Reformation Ideas in the Low CountriesChapter 7: "Summer is at the door": The Impact of the Executions on Martin LutherChapter 8: The Impact of the Executions in the Low Countries Chapter 9: The Impact of the Executions in the German-Speaking Lands of the Holy RomanEmpireChapter 10: The Marian Dimension Chapter 11: The Reformed Augustinians of Lower Germany and the Dynamics of the EarlyReformationBibliographyIndex