This book discusses one possible solution to the key issue in electronics engineering - the approaching limits of CMOS scaling - by taking advantage of the tendency of Schottky contacts to form at channel interfaces in nanoscale devices. Rather than suppressing this phenomenon, a functionality-enhanced device exploits it to increase switching functionality. These devices are Multiple-Independent-Gate-Field-Effect-Transistors, and other related nanoscale devices, whose polarity is electrostatically controllable. The functionality enhancement of these devices increases computational performance (function) per unit area and leads to circuits with better density, performance and energy efficiency.

Within the wide and fascinating field of radar techniques and systems, this book describes in detail a number of areas of research related to system architecture and design, phenomenology, array antennas and signal processing.

This book is an introduction to microwave and RF signal modeling and measurement techniques for field effect transistors. It assumes only a basic course in electronic circuits and prerequisite knowledge for readers to apply the techniques and improve the performance of integrated circuits, reduce design cycles and increase their chance at first time success. The first chapters offer a general overview and discussion of microwave signal and noise matrices, and microwave measurement techniques. The following chapters address modeling techniques for field effect transistors and cover models such as: small signal, large signal, noise, and the artificial neural network based.

Space robotics and autonomous systems (Space RAS) play a critical role in the current and future development of mission-defined machines that can survive in space while performing exploration, assembly, construction, maintenance and servicing tasks. They represent a multi-disciplinary emerging field at the intersection of space engineering, terrestrial robotics, computer science and materials. The field is essential to humankind's ability to explore or operate in space; providing greater access beyond human spaceflight limitations in the harsh environment of space, and offering greater operational handling that extends astronauts' capabilities. Space RAS covers all types of robotics for the exploration of planet surfaces as well as robotics used in orbit around the Earth and the sensors needed by the platform for navigation or control.

This book reviews the state of the art in the use of organic materals as physical, chemical and biomedical sensors in a variety of application settings.

Voice biometrics are being implemented globally in large scale applications such as remote banking, government e-services, transportation and building security access, autonomous vehicles, and healthcare. They have been integrated in numerous apps, often coupled with face biometrics and artificial intelligence methods. Voice biometrics products and solutions must meet three key requirements for the success in their deployment: they must be highly trustable regarding privacy protection; easy to use and always be available.

This book provides a unified, practically-oriented treatment to many constrained control paradigms. Recently proposed control strategies are unified in a generalised framework to deal with different kinds of constraints. The book's solutions are based on reference conditioning ideas implemented by means of supervisory loops, and they are complementary to any other control technique used for the main control loop. Although design simplicity is a book priority, the use of well established sliding mode concepts for theoretical analysis make it also rigorous and self-contained.

Earth Observation Data Analytics Using Machine and Deep Learning: Modern tools, applications and challenges covers the basic properties, features and models for Earth observation (EO) recorded by very high-resolution (VHR) multispectral, hyperspectral, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and multi-temporal observations.

Much has been written about Faraday and Marconi, and about the history of the development of radio from the time of Marconi. However, Gerald Garratt's special interest was in what might be termed the 'prehistory' of radio. This book therefore outlines the sequence of development from Faraday's first prediction and concept of the electromagnetic field: Maxwell worked out the mathematics of electromagnetic wave propagation and Hertz demonstrated their physical existence. Lodge identified the need for resonance between transmitter and receiver, thus leading to Marconi's successful practical application.

Foundations of Digital Signal Processing: Theory, algorithms and hardware design starts by introducing the mathematical foundations of DSP, assuming little prior knowledge of the subject from the reader, and moves on to discuss more complex topics such as Fourier, Laplace and digital filtering. It provides detailed information on off-line, real-time and DSP programming, and guides the reader through advanced topics such as DSP hardware design, FIR and IIR filter design and difference equation manipulation.

Near-field (NF) measurement techniques and the related NF to far-field (FF) transformations are gaining interest for their ability to allow an accurate evaluation of the radiation characteristics of those antennas whose electric sizes do not make it possible to perform direct FF measurements in a controlled and reflection-free environment, such as the anechoic chamber.

This book provides a comprehensive range of topics for monitoring, modelling and assessing the performance of photovoltaic plants, and enabling effective asset management. Using real-world data, the book emphasises practical usability, systematically covering the knowledge needed to perform these tasks, from the basics all the way through to the evaluation of key performance indicators. Source code used to perform data analysis is also included. This book is ideal for anyone working with photovoltaic systems or plants.

Distribution systems analysis employs a set of techniques that allow engineers to simulate, analyse, and optimise power distribution systems. Combined with automation, these techniques underpin the emerging concept of the 'smart grid', a digitally-enabled electrical supply grid that can monitor and respond to the behaviour of all its components in real time.

High quality electrical service is key to power systems around the world, particularly in utilities and industrial facilities. Both voltage and grid frequency must be kept within tight limits to maintain functioning of critical infrastructure. The growing use of renewable power of intermittent character is adding to that challenge.

High quality electrical service is everyday more stringent in utilities and industrial facilities around the world. One of the main players to achieve this is the protection system, which has to be reliable, fast and with a good cost/benefit ratio. This book refers to most aspects of electrical protections, with emphasis on Distribution Systems. Protection of generation and transmission systems are also treated in the text. References to modern topics such as the Distributed Generation, Smart Grid and Standard IEC 61850 have been introduced. Written by two well experienced engineers who combine a comprehensive theoretical background with examples and exercises, this book will allow the reader to easily follow the ideas explored. The book will be valuable to pre and postgraduate students, design, maintenance and consulting engineers as well as instructors looking for proper references.

Written by two practicing electrical engineers, this second edition of the bestselling Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks offers both practical and theoretical coverage of the technologies, from the classical electromechanical relays to the new numerical types, which protect equipment on networks and in electrical plants.



A properly coordinated protection system is vital to ensure that an electricity distribution network can operate within preset requirements for safety for individual items of equipment, staff and public, and the network overall. Suitable and reliable equipment should be installed on all circuits and electrical equipment and to do this, protective relays are used to initiate the isolation of faulted sections of a network in order to maintain supplies elsewhere on the system. This then leads to an improved electricity service with better continuity and quality of supply.

Distribution systems analysis employs a set of techniques to simulate, analyse, and optimise power distribution systems. Combined with automation, these techniques underpin the concept of the smart grid. In recent years, distribution systems have been facing growing challenges, due to increasing demand as well as the rising shares of distributed and volatile renewable energy sources.

This is an enlarged and revised second edition of a book first published in 1978 and reprinted twice since then. The new edition includes updates to all the original chapters, plus two new chapters on developments in superresolution techniques and their application to direction-finding arrays.

CMOS-based sensors offer significant advantages to life science applications, such as non-invasive long-term recordings, fast responses and label-free processes. They have been widely applied in many biological and medical fields for the study of living cell samples such as neural cell recording and stimulation, monitoring metabolic activity, cell manipulation, and extracellular pH monitoring. Compared to other sensing techniques, capacitive sensors are low-complexity, high-precision, label-free sensing methods for monitoring cellular activities such as cell viability, proliferation and morphology.

Emerging complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies and their ongoing downscaling trend have opened an avenue to developing integrated systems for life sciences. They offer great advantages for the monolithic integration of several active elements, and the implementation of millions of biosensors along with their transducers and readout circuits on a single chip. Benefits include the ability to make highly dense systems with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), good accessibility and reliability. Moreover, the huge investment in CMOS foundries and the possibility of the batch production of various devices using CMOS have established it as an economical technology appropriate for the fabrication of affordable platforms for end-users. All these features make CMOS electronics a valuable technology for the implementation of integrated bio-systems such as lab-on-chips (LoCs) and point-of-care (PoC) devices.

The term 'teletraffic engineering' has been used since the early days of the century to describe the design of switched telecommunications networks in terms of probabilities. More recent advances in queuing theory, and the growing realisation that the basic techniques can be applied to many other aspects of system design, has led to an extension of the subject and to the term 'performance engineering'.

A substantially updated edition of Video Coding: An introduction to standard codecs (IEE 1999, winner of IEE Rayleigh Award as the best book of 2000), this book discusses the growth of digital television technology, from image compression to advanced video coding. This third edition also includes the latest developments on H.264/MPEG-4 video coding and the scalability defined for this codec, which were not available at the time of the previous edition (IEE 2003). The book highlights the need for standardisation in processing static and moving images and extensively exploits the ITU and ISO/IEC standards defined in this field. The book gives an authoritative explanation of pictures and video coding algorithms, working from basic principles through to the advanced video compression systems now being developed. It discusses the reasons behind the introduction of a standard codec for a specific application and its chosen parameters. Each chapter is devoted to a standard video codec, and chapters are introduced in an evolutionary manner complementing the earlier chapters. This book will enable readers to appreciate the fundamentals needed to design a video codec for any given application and should prove a valuable resource for managers, engineers and researchers working in this field.

A substantially updated edition of Video Coding: An Introduction to Standard Codecs (IEE, 1999, winner of IEE Rayleigh Award), this book discusses the growth of digital television technology and the revolution in image and video compression (such as JPEG2000, broadcast TV, video phone). It highlights the need for standardisation in processing static and moving images and their exchange between computer systems. ITU and ISO/IEC standards are now widely accepted in the picture/video coding field. The book gives an authoritative explanation of picture and video coding algorithms, working from basic principles through to the advanced video compression systems now being developed. It discusses the reasons behind the introduction of a standard codec for a specific application and its chosen parameter. This book will enable readers to appreciate the fundamentals needed to design a video codec for any given application and should prove to be a valuable resource for engineers working in this field.

A comprehensive tutorial on active filter design analysis and design procedures. This book covers: Basic systems classifications together with filter transmission and approximations; Operational amplifiers, including bipolar and MOS integrators; Definitions of sensitivity and statistical sensitivity measures; Continuous-time second-order active sections; Higher-order filter design; Switched capacitor filters.

The transfer of responsibility for decisions and actions from humans to machines presents difficult problems for all those concerned with new concepts, their development and use. This book gives practical help by discussing the issues in the context of product design, and gives a methodology to solve them.

Power drives are used for induction motor control, uninterruptible power supplies, and in electrical vehicles. The increasing penetration of power drives makes their reliability, robustness, and early diagnosis a central point of attention especially in planning, designing, and financing. This book explores fault diagnosis of inverter drives to enable early diagnosis and robust design for efficient long life operation.

The phrase 'waveform design and diversity' refers to an area of radar research that focuses on novel transmission strategies as a way to improve performance in a variety of civil, defense and homeland security applications. Three basic principles are at the core of waveform diversity. First is the principle that any and all knowledge of the operational environment should be exploited in system design and operation. Second is the principle of the fully adaptive system, that is, that the system should respond to dynamic environmental conditions. Third is the principle of measurement diversity as a way to increase system robustness and expand the design trade space. Waveform design and diversity concepts can be found dating back to the mid-twentieth century. However, it has only been in the past decade or so, as academics and practitioners have rushed to exploit recent advances in radar hardware component technology, such as arbitrary waveform generation and linear power amplification, that waveform diversity has become a distinct area of research. The purpose of this book is to survey this burgeoning field in a way that brings together the diverse yet complementary topics that comprise it. The topics covered range from the purely theoretical to the applied, and the treatment of these topics ranges from tutorial explanation to forward-looking research discussions. The topics treated in this book include: classical waveform design and its extensions through information theory, multiple-input multiple-output systems, and the bio-inspired sensing perspective; the exploration of measurement diversity through distributed radar systems, in both cooperative and non-cooperative configurations; the optimal adaptation of the transmit waveform for target detection, tracking, and identification; and more. This representative cross-section of topics provides the reader with a chance to see the three principles of waveform diversity at work, and will hopefully point the way to further advances in this exciting area of research.

Patient-Centered Digital Healthcare Technology explores the creative intersection of novel, emerging technologies and medicine. This convergence is transforming the landscape of healthcare with the overarching objectives of improving clinical outcomes and advocating wellness. The concept of encountering or treating a medical condition when it has already become disturbingly manifest is being replaced by earlier awareness, diagnosis, and proactive intervention enabled by technologies.

Enhanced living environments employ information and communications technologies to support true ambient assisted living for adults and people with disabilities. This book provides an overview of today's architectures, techniques, protocols, components, and cloud-based solutions related to ambient assisted living and enhanced living environments. Topics covered include: an introduction to enhanced living environments; pervasive sensing for social connectedness; ethics in information and communication technologies; service scenarios in smart personal environments; technological support to stress level monitoring; big data systems to improve healthcare information searching over the Internet; sensors for wireless body area networks; linear wireless sensor networks and protocols in next generation networks; model-compilation challenges for cyber-physical systems; health monitoring using wireless body area networks; wearable health care; and intelligent systems for after-stroke home rehabilitation.

Several evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have emerged in recent decades that mimic the behaviour and evolution of biological entities. EAs are widely used to solve single and multi-objective optimization engineering problems. EAs have also been applied to a variety of microwave components, antenna design, radar design, and wireless communications problems. These techniques, among others, include genetic algorithms (GAs), evolution strategies (ES), particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution (DE), and ant colony optimization (ACO). In addition, new innovative algorithms that are not only biology-based but also physics-based or music-based are also emerging, as are hybrid combinations of EAs.

With the rise of digitalization, AI and modern data communication, engineering is increasingly challenged by the complexity of systems-of-systems, in which perception sensors have their own processing mechanism, information is merged at some centric entity, and cross-platform exchange of data is conceptualized in a holistic approach. Therefore, distributed architectures for data fusion, state estimation, and multi target tracking have been becoming increasingly important. The use of multiple sensors to perceive and compute the situational awareness picture leads to the generation of vast amounts of data, which need to be filtered, enriched, interpreted, and evaluated. This becomes infeasible without the notion of distributed algorithms.

E-learning has become an important part of our educational life with the development of e-learning systems and platforms and the need for online and remote learning. ICT and computational intelligence techniques are being used to design more intelligent and adaptive systems. However, the art of designing good real-time e-learning systems is difficult as different aspects of learning need to be considered including challenges such as learning rates, involvement, knowledge, qualifications, as well as networking and security issues. The earlier concepts of standalone integrated virtual e-learning systems have been greatly enhanced with emerging technologies such as cloud computing, mobile computing, big data, Internet of Things (IoT), AI and machine learning, and AR/VT technologies.

Improvements in the accuracy, computational cost, and reliability of computational techniques for high-frequency electromagnetics (including antennas, microwave devices and radar scattering applications) can be achieved through the use of 'high-order' techniques. This book outlines these techniques by presenting high-order basis functions, explaining their use, and illustrating their performance. The specific basis functions under consideration were developed by the authors, and include scalar and vector functions for use with equations such as the vector Helmholtz equation and the electric field integral equation.

Direct Current (DC) transmission and distribution technologies have evolved in recent years. They offer superior efficiency, current carrying capacity, and response times as compared to conventional AC systems. Further, substantial advantages are their natural interface with many types of renewable energy resources, such as photovoltaic systems and battery energy storage systems at relatively high voltage, and compliance with consumer electronics at lower voltages, say, within a household environment. One of the core building blocks of DC-based technologies, especially at medium voltage levels, is power electronic systems technology. This cannot be emphasized enough as these units process, convert, and regulate all DC power and provide intelligence and sensing as electric power grids evolve.

The term 'advanced robotics' came in the 1980s to describe the application of advanced sensors and new developments in cognitive science and artificial intelligence to the traditional robot. Today, advanced robots have come far beyond the limitations of the crude 'pick-and-place' machines of the 1980s assembly line, and have a vast range of applications in manufacturing, construction and health care, as well as hostile environments such as space, underwater and nuclear applications.

Radio Frequency and Microwave Power Amplifiers are finding an increasingly broad range of applications, particularly in communications and broadcasting, but also in the industrial, medical, automotive, aviation, military, and sensing fields. Each application has its own design specifications, for example, high linearity in modern communication systems or high efficiency in broadcasting, and, depending on process technology, capability to operate efficiently at very high frequencies, such as 77 GHz and higher for automotive radars. Advances in design methodologies have practical applications in improving gain, power output, bandwidth, power efficiency, linearity, input and output impedance matching, and heat dissipation.

Radio Frequency and Microwave Power Amplifiers are finding an increasingly broad range of applications, particularly in communications and broadcasting, but also in the industrial, medical, automotive, aviation, military, and sensing fields. Each application has its own design specifications, for example, high linearity in modern communication systems or high efficiency in broadcasting, and, depending on process technology, capability to operate efficiently at very high frequencies, such as 77 GHz and higher for automotive radars. Advances in design methodologies have practical applications in improving gain, power output, bandwidth, power efficiency, linearity, input and output impedance matching, and heat dissipation.

Radio Frequency and Microwave Power Amplifiers are finding an increasingly broad range of applications, particularly in communications and broadcasting, but also in the industrial, medical, automotive, aviation, military, and sensing fields. Each application has its own design specifications, for example, high linearity in modern communication systems or high efficiency in broadcasting, and, depending on process technology, capability to operate efficiently at very high frequencies, such as 77 GHz and higher for automotive radars. Advances in design methodologies have practical applications in improving gain, power output, bandwidth, power efficiency, linearity, input and output impedance matching, and heat dissipation.

This book provides a broad perspective of vacuum switchgear drawn from the author's many years of experience in this field. Allan Greenwood describes the development of the technology from the earliest beginnings to the most recent designs now on offer by leading companies around the world.

This expanded and updated second edition with full colour images provides a comprehensive introduction and explanation of both the theory and practice of planar near-field antenna measurement, from its basic postulates and assumptions, to the intricacies of its deployment in complex and demanding measurement scenarios.

This single volume provides a comprehensive introduction and explanation of both the theory and practice of 'Planar Near-Field Antenna Measurement' from its basic postulates and assumptions, to the intricacies of its deployment in complex and demanding measurement scenarios. To do this the book initially examines the properties of antennas that allow them to enhance the free space interaction of electronic systems and this leads into a full description of the theory of 'Planar Near-Field Scanning'.

Multimedia technologies have opened up a wide range of applications by combining a variety of information sources such as voice, graphics, animation, images, audio, and full-motion video which can be successfully implemented in banking, financial services and insurance (BFSI) industries to support their activities and strategic goals.

This book explains techniques and examples for designing stable amplifiers for high-frequency applications, in which the signal is small and the amplifier circuit is linear. An in-depth discussion of linear network theory provides the foundation needed to develop actual designs. Examples throughout the book will show you how to apply the knowledge gained in each chapter leading to the complex design of low noise amplifiers. Exercises at the end of each chapter will help students to practice their skills. The solutions to these design problems are available in an accompanying solutions booklet (Small Signal Microwave Amplifier Design: Solutions).

This book comprises 9 chapters, each containing the solutions to problems set in in the chapters of Grosch's Small Signal Microwave Amplifier Design.

Electromagnetic Field Standards and Exposure Systems covers the broader fields of measurements in telecommunications, radio navigation, radio astronomy, bioscience, and free ranging EM radiation and helps to develop the following measurement standards;

Human hands are natural tools for performing actions and gestures that interact with the physical world. Radar technology allows for touchless wireless gesture sensing by transmitting radio frequency (RF) signals to the target, analyzing the backscattering reflections to extract the target's movements, and thereby accurately detecting gestures for Human Computer Interaction (HCI). A key advantage of this technology is that it allows interaction with machines without any need to attach a sensing device to the hands. Led by researchers from Google's Project Soli, the authors introduce the concept and underpinning technology, cover all design phases, and provide researchers and professionals with the latest advances and innovations in microwave and millimeter wave radar sensing to capture relative movements such as micro gestures.

Most physical systems possess parametric uncertainties or unmeasurable parameters and, since parametric uncertainty may degrade the performance of model predictive control (MPC), mechanisms to update the unknown or uncertain parameters are desirable in application. One possibility is to apply adaptive extensions of MPC in which parameter estimation and control are performed online. This book proposes such an approach, with a design methodology for adaptive robust nonlinear MPC (NMPC) systems in the presence of disturbances and parametric uncertainties. One of the key concepts pursued is the concept of set-based adaptive parameter estimation, which provides a mechanism to estimate the unknown parameters as well as an estimate of the parameter uncertainty set. The knowledge of non-conservative uncertain set estimates is exploited in the design of robust adaptive NMPC algorithms that guarantee robustness of the NMPC system to parameter uncertainty.

Memristors are a new class of circuit element with the ability to change their resistance value while retaining memory of their current and past resistances. Their small form factor, high density, and fast switching times have sparked research into their applications in modern memory hierarchies. However, these new components pose system design challenges, as well as opportunities.

A compendium of data for computing the characteristic impedance of transmission lines based on physical dimensions. This book covers both conventional structures and unusual geometries, including coaxial, eccentric and elliptic coaxial, twin-wire, wire-above-ground, microstrip and derivatives, stripline, slabline and trough line. Also details numerous configurations of coupled lines.

Mobile biometrics - the use of physical and/or behavioral characteristics of humans to allow their recognition by mobile/smart phones - aims to achieve conventional functionality and robustness while also supporting portability and mobility, bringing greater convenience and opportunity for its deployment in a wide range of operational environments from consumer applications to law enforcement. But achieving these aims brings new challenges such as issues with power consumption, algorithm complexity, device memory limitations, frequent changes in operational environment, security, durability, reliability, and connectivity. Mobile Biometrics provides a timely survey of the state of the art research and developments in this rapidly growing area.

Smart roads are road infrastructures with integrated structural materials, sensors, information centres, and energy systems. They are intended to extend the road's service life and performance, reduce safety risks, and improve service quality. Several smart road pilot projects have been initiated, such as precast pavements with integrated optical fibres, self-healing asphalt material, self-snow-melting systems and solar pavements.

Reset control is concerned with how to reset a system when it is disturbed to overcome the inherent limitations of linear feedback control and to improve robustness. It has found applications in many practical systems including flexible mechanical systems, tapespeed control systems and high precision positioning systems.

Novel deep learning approaches are achieving state-of-the-art accuracy in the area of radar target recognition, enabling applications beyond the scope of human-level performance. This book provides an introduction to the unique aspects of machine learning for radar signal processing that any scientist or engineer seeking to apply these technologies ought to be aware of.

Smart grids with distributed clean energy generation, storage and prosumers are the future of energy systems. They need two-way digital communication between multiple customers and suppliers of energy, to produce, buy and sell electricity to the grid at small scales. These arrangements need a system that maintains, checks, and registers information about transactions.

The rapid evolution of integrated circuit technology has brought with it many new materials and processing steps at the nano-scale which boost the electrical performance of devices, resulting in faster and more functionally-complex electronics. However, working at this reduced scale can bring second order effects that degrade efficiency and reliability.

This book introduces researchers and advanced students with a basic control systems background to an array of control techniques which they can easily implement and use to meet the required performance specifications for their mechatronic applications. It is the result of close to two decades of work of the authors on modeling, simulating and controlling different mechatronic systems from the motion control, automotive control and micro and nano-mechanical systems control areas. The methods presented in the book have all been tested by the authors and a very large group of researchers, who have produced practically implementable controllers with highly successful results.