Contents
List of Illustrations
Prologue
1. Myth and Reality in the Upper Pimeria
When, Where, and How It Began
Hispanic Place Names in Arizona
Architectural Influences
Ranching, Farming, and Mining
Politics in the Pimeria Alta
Women in the Pimeria Alta
Contacts with New Mexico and California
Religion in the Pimeria Alta
2. Early Exploration and Settlement
Jesuit Entries from the South
Bolas de Plata
Indian Troubles
The Hectic Decade of the 1760s
The Expulsion of the Jesuits
The Founding of Tucson
3. The Provincias Internas of New Spain
The Yuma Disaster
A New Indian Policy for the Frontier
Life Settles Down
New Mission Construction
Uneasiness Prevails at Century's End
4. The Last Years of Spanish Rule
More Early Land Grants
Arizona and the Independence Movement
Changes in Command
5. The Sonoran Frontier After Independence
Arizona Under Mexican Rule
Anglo-Americans in Arizona
The Arizona Land Grants
Politics in the State of Occidence
The Tucson Fields
6. Sonora Becomes a Separate State
Sonora's 1831 Census
Appeals for a Major Offensive
Problems with the Papagos
7. Power Struggles Leave the Frontier Helpless
A Peace Treaty for the Pinals
Politics and Papagos
The Frontier Situation Grows More Desperate
Abandonment of the Land Grants
8. Sonoran Politics and Indian Affairs
New Difficulties in the Papagueria
The Urrea-Gandara Feud Heats Up
Controlling the Indians
Comaduran in the Eye of the Whirlwind
The Condition of the Missions in 1843
A New Campaign Against the Apaches
9. Urrea Wins in Sonora, Gandara in Mexico City
Events on the Frontier
Colonel Elias Invades Chihuahua
Urrea Back in Power
10. No Matter How Bad, Things Can Always Get Worse
Comaduran on the March Again
Political Turmoil Continues
War!
11. The War Years, 1847-1848
Gandara Becomes Sonora's Constitutional Governor
Massacre in the Sierra de las Mestenas
Graham's Trek Through Pimeria Alta
The Sonoran Census of 1848
The Tribulations of Captain Comaduran
12. The Yanqui Forty-Niners
Gandara and Elias Disagree
Tucson's Isolation Breaks Down
Yankee Arrogance Causes Problems
Apache Attacks Continue
13. California Sours for Sonorans
The Foreign Miners' Act
The Colorado Crossing
Tucson Under Attack
Cholera Provides a New Threat
Tubac Becomes a Military Colony
Determining the Boundary
14. The End of Mexican Rule
The Boundary Commission Visits Tucson
The French Threaten
More Squabbles Over Land
The Gadsden Purchase Treaty
Preparing for the Change of Command
Departure of the Mexican Troops
15. Epilogue
Population and Land
The Fate of the Haciendas
Familiar Faces in New Surroundings
Apaches!
The Acculturation Process
Appendix A. The Elias Family of Arizona and Sonora: A Genealogical Essay
Descendancy of Francisco Elias Gonzalez de Zayas
Descendancy of Fernando Elias Gonzalez
Descendancy of Jose Francisco Antonio Elias Gonzalez
The Elias Family of Tucson and Tubac
Appendix B. The Elias-Ortiz Kin Group and the Arizona Land Grants
Appendix C. Comaduran Family Tree
Appendix D. Ramirez Family Tree
Appendix E. Agent Ruggles and the Tame Apaches of Tucson
Appendix F. Last Register of Mexican Soldiers in Tucson
Notes
Bibliography
Index