Contents
List of Figures 000
List of Tables 000
Preface, by Ofer Bar-Yosef 000
Acknowledgments 000
1	Goals and Approaches 000
Background to the Issues 000
The Sites and Excavations 000
The Wadi Meged Faunal Samples 000
Comparisons with Kebara Cave 000
Bone Recovery 000
Taphonomic Approaches 000
Ecological and Economic Approaches 000
2	Archaeological Background to Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter 000
Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Paul Goldberg, Steven L. Kuhn, Liliane 
Meignen, Bernard Vandermeersch, and Stephen Weiner
The Region 000
Hayonim Cave and Its Excavation 000
Excavation Techniques 000
Stratigraphy 000
Mineralogy 000
Site Formation Processes 000
Dating the Cultural Sequence in Hayonim Cave 000
Hayonim Cave: Interim Summary of the Cultural Sequence 000
The Natufian, Kebaran, and Aurignacian Occupations 000
The Mousterian in the Levantine Context 000
Meged Rockshelter and Its Excavation 000
Age of the Deposits 000
The Lithic Assemblages 000
The Faunal and Ornament Assemblages 000
Meged Rockshelter: Interim Summary of the Cultural Sequence 000
3	Experiments in Fragmentation and Diagenesis of Bone and Shell 000
Mary C. Stiner, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Steven L. Kuhn, and Stephen Weiner
Background to the Experiments: Chemical versus Mechanical 
Destruction 000
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 000
Experiments in Burning, Fragmentation, and Mineral Recrystallization 
000
Materials, Methods, and Fire Setup 000
Results for Bone Mineral Recrystallization and Burn Color 000
Results for Bone Fragmentation and Burning Intensity 000
Results for Burning of Buried Bone 000
Infrared Spectra of Fresh and Burned Mollusk Shells 000
Overlapping Signatures of Burning, Weathering, and Fossilization in 
Bone 000
Discussion 000
4	Bone, Ash, and Shell Preservation in Hayonim Cave 000
Mary C. Stiner, Steven L. Kuhn, Todd A. Surovell, Paul Goldberg, Amy V. 
Margaris, Liliane Meignen, Stephen Weiner, and Ofer Bar-Yosef
Archaeological Distributions 000
Two Hypotheses for the Bone Distributions in Layer E 000
Infrared and Macroscopic Methods 000
Infrared Spectroscopy of Bones and Sediments 000
Macroscopic Analyses of Bone 000
Results for Sediment Mineralogy in Relation to Bone Abundance 000
Bone Mineral Condition Relative to Specimen Surface Area 000
Results for Bone Condition in Relation to Bone Abundance 000
What Was the Origin of the Bones in the Bone-Poor Zone? 000
Evaluating the Extent of Bioturbation 000
Sedimentation, Compaction, and Human Occupation Intensity 000
Discussion 000
5	Vertebrate Taphonomy and Evidence of Human Modification 000
Methods and Variables 000
Density-Mediated Skeletal Attrition 000
A Comparison of Teeth and Cranial Bone 000
Bone Survivorship versus Bulk Bone Density 000
Biases in the Representation of Limb Bone Ends versus Shafts 
000
Macrodamage Patterns 000
Damage to Reptile Remains 000
Damage to Bird Remains 000
Damage to Small Mammal Remains 000
Damage to Carnivore Remains 000
Damage to Ungulate Remains 000
Summary of Assemblage Formation Histories 000
Butchering and Marrow Processing 000
Numbers of Bones versus Stone Artifacts in Mousterian Units 
000
6	Mediterranean Ecology and Species Diversity 000
Vegetation 000
Life Zones, Ecological Quadrants, and the Wadi Meged 000
Causes of Diversity in the Mediterranean Basin 000
Diversity and History of the Major Animal Groups 000
Reptiles and Amphibians 000
Birds 000
Mammals 000
Species in the Wadi Meged Archaeofaunas 000
Large Mammals 000
Carnivora 000
Ungulates and Megafauna 000
Small Animals 000
Reptiles 000
Small Mammals 000
Birds 000
Micromammals 000
Summary 000
7	Paleocommunities and Trends in Species as Prey 000
Zooarchaeological Methods: Identification and Quantification 000
Trends in Species Abundance 000
Species Trends Based on Percentages of NISP 000
Trends in Prey Importance as a Function of Biomass 000
Faunal Correlations and Indexes 000
Detrended Comparisons of Gazelle, Fallow Deer, and Tortoise 
Abundance 000
Tortoise Diminution, Population Structure, and Morphology 000
Diminution Trend 000
Age Structure Distortion (Skewing) 000
Tortoise Sex Ratios 000
What Sort of Tortoise? Biogeography and Morphology 000
Conclusion 000
8	Computer Simulation Modeling of Small Game Predator-Prey Dynamics 000
Mary C. Stiner, Natalie D. Munro, and Todd A. Surovell
Small Game Trends across the Mediterranean Rim 000
Corroboration from Size Diminution in Slow-Growing Prey 000
Critical Variables in Human Predator/Small Prey Interactions 000
Predator Avoidance Mechanisms 000
Prey Maturation Rates 000
Simulations of Predation on Tortoises, Hares, and Partridges 000
Simulation Model Design: High and Low Growth Conditions 000
Tortoises 000
Partridges 000
Hares 000
Differences in Prey Population Resilience 000
Links between Predator Pressure and Predator Population Density 000
9	Prey Diversity and Changes in Human Dietary Breadth 000
Historical Review 000
Theoretical Expectations for Changes in Dietary Breadth 000
Measuring Variation in Dietary Breadth 000
Trends in Dietary Breadth in Mediterranean Italy, Turkey, and Israel 
000
The Study Samples 000
Results as a Function of Prey Type Groupings 000
Implications of "Sensitive Species" for Prey Ranking Systems 000
Evidence for the Broad Spectrum Revolution 000
Summary 000
10	Food Utility, Attrition, and Transport of Ungulate Body Parts 000
In Situ Attrition and Body Part Profiling Techniques 000
Comparisons across Major Bone Macrostructure Classes 000
Comparisons within a Single Bone Macrostructure Class 000
The "Anatomical Regions" Profiling Technique 000
Test of Density Range Correspondence among Anatomical 
Regions 000
Ramifications 000
Body Part Profiles for the Wadi Meged Ungulates 000
Indexed Food Utility and Density Correlations 000
Intercorrelations among Reference Data Sets 000
Results for the Wadi Meged Ungulates 000
Conclusions about Procurement and Transport Strategies 000
11	Evidence of Large Game Hunting from Ungulate Mortality Patterns 000
Mortality Patterns from Dental Eruption and Wear 000
Potential Taphonomic Biases 000
Nine-Cohort Mortality Profiles 000
The Three-Cohort System 000
Mortality Models and Expected Ranges of Variation 000
Variation in the Mortality Patterns Generated by Predators 000
Results for the Wadi Meged and Other Mediterranean Sites 000
Evidence of Hunting Pressure 000
Discussion of Results from the Dental Remains 000
Mortality Patterns from Bone Fusion Data 000
Methods and Samples 000
Results for Gazelle Bone Fusion at Hayonim Cave 000
Gazelle Sex Ratios 000
Concluding Discussion 000
12	The Changing Shape of Paleolithic Society 000
Behavioral Variation in the Middle Paleolithic 000
Comparison of the Mousterian Occupations at Hayonim and 
Kebara Caves 000
Numbers of People and Occupation Intensity 000
Trends in Paleolithic Hunting, Population Ecology, and Technology 000
Trend 1: Humans' Hunting of Prime-Age Ungulates 000
Trend 2: Changing Emphases in Small Game Foraging 000
Trend 3: Late Development of More Efficient Technologies 000
An Unshakeable Middle Paleolithic? 000
Population Growth, Nutrition, and Survivorship 000
Transitions in Eight Niche Dimensions 000
Parting Thoughts 000
Appendixes 000
1.1	Zooarchaeological Counting Units 000
1.2	Faunal Coding Keys 000
1.3	Ungulate Tooth Samples Submitted to J. Rink and H. P. Schwarcz (McMaster 
University) for ESR Dating 000
5.1	Bone-Based and Tooth-Based MNE Estimates for Ungulate Crania and 
Mandibles from Hayonim Cave 000
5.2	Portion-Based MNE Counts for Small Ungulates (Gazelles) in the Mousterian 
(MP) Units of Hayonim Cave and Photon Densitometry Control Data for 
Pronghorn 000
5.3	Portion-Based MNE Counts for Medium Ungulates (Fallow Deer) from the 
Mousterian (MP) Units of Hayonim Cave and Photon Densitometry Control 
Data for American Deer 000
5.4	Portion-Based MNE Counts for Large Ungulates (Aurochs) from the 
Mousterian (MP) Units of Hayonim Cave and Photon Densitometry Control 
Data for American Bison 000
5.5	Portion-Based MNE Counts for Ungulates from Kebaran and Pre-Kebaran 
Units of Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter, with Photon Densitometry 
Scan Site Codes 000
5.6	End-Based and Shaft-Based MNE Estimates for Major Long Bones of 
Ungulates from the Mousterian (MP) Units of Hayonim Cave 000
7.1	Fragment Length Statistics for Identified Faunal Specimens (NISP) for the 
Natufian, Kebaran, and Mousterian Assemblages from Hayonim Cave 000
7.2	Taxonomic Abundances (NISP) for Mousterian (MP) Units of the Central 
Trench in Hayonim Cave 000
7.3	Taxonomic Abundances (NISP) for Epipaleolithic and Upper Paleolithic Faunal 
Assemblages from Hayonim Cave 000
7.4	"Bone-Based" MNI Counts for Common Prey Animals in the Mousterian (MP) 
Units of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave 000
7.5	"Bone-Based" MNI Counts for Common Prey Animals in the Early Natufian, 
Kebaran, and Pre-Kebaran Assemblages from Hayonim Cave and Meged 
Rockshelter 000
9.1	Genus-Specific Counts for Pleistocene Faunal Assemblages from Hayonim 
Cave and Meged Rockshelter 000
9.2	Genus-Specific Counts for Pleistocene Faunal Assemblages from Coastal 
Sites in Italy 000
9.3	Genus-Specific Counts by Stratigraphic Layer for Epipaleolithic through Initial 
Upper Paleolithic Faunal Assemblages from åìa_õzlõ Cave (Hatay, Turkey) 
000
10.1	MNE Counts for Ungulate Taxa in the Kebaran (Layer C) of Hayonim Cave 
000
10.2	MNE Counts for Tortoises and Legless Lizards in the Kebaran and Pre-
Kebaran Layers of Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter 000
10.3	MNE Counts for Ungulate Taxa in the Early Kebaran and Pre-Kebaran Layers 
of Meged Rockshelter 000
10.4	MNE Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 1 of the Central 
Trench in Hayonim Cave 000
10.5	MNE Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 2 of the Central 
Trench in Hayonim Cave. 000
10.6	MNE Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 3 of the Central 
Trench in Hayonim Cave. 000
10.7	MNE Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 4 of the Central 
Trench in Hayonim Cave. 000
10.8	MNE Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 5 of the Central 
Trench in Hayonim Cave. 000
10.9	MNE Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 6 of the Central 
Trench in Hayonim Cave. 000
10.10	MNE Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 7 of the 
Central Trench in Hayonim Cave. 000
10.11	MNE Counts for Tortoises and Legless Lizards in the Mousterian (MP) 
Units of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave 000
10.12	Standardized MNE (MAU) Values for Ungulate Assemblages from the 
Natufian, Kebaran, and Mousterian Layers of Hayonim Cave and Meged 
Rockshelter 000
References 000
Figures
1.1	Location of the Wadi Meged sites in the Levant
1.2	Hayonim Cave excavation plan
1.3	Relation between prey body sizes and representation in Mousterian units
2.1	Entrance of Hayonim Cave
2.2	View of Hayonim Cave and the Wadi Meged
2.3	Simplified plan of the Hayonim cave chambers
2.4	Cross section of the central trench in Hayonim Cave
2.5	Mousterian hearth feature in Layer E, Hayonim Cave
2.6	Mousterian hearth lenses in north wall
2.7	Mousterian hearth areas in Layer E
2.8	Meged Rockshelter during excavation season
2.9	Interior of Meged Rockshelter and excavation grid
2.10	Plan view of 1994/1997 excavations of Meged Rockshelter
2.11	Excavated trench in Meged Rockshelter, 1997
2.12	Raptor talons found in Meged Rockshelter
3.1	Calculation of bone mineral crystallinity index (splitting factor)
3.2	Size differences for burned and unburned bone, Riparo Mochi, Italy
3.3	Modern examples of burn color codes 0/6
3.4	Experiment setups for fires 4 and 5
3.5	Infrared spectra of modern burned bones
3.6	Splitting factor and carbonate values for experimental bone
3.7	Cracking of goat radius-ulna buried beneath coal bed
3.8	Fire-exploded teeth in goat maxilla
3.9	Bone fragment size as function of burn code and applied pressure
3.10	Fragmentation and pulverization of burned bone from applied pressure
3.11	Differential burning on goat rib elements
3.12	Goat and cow bones calcined in coal bed and buried below fire bed
3.13	Infrared spectra for unburned and burned shells of modern land snails
3.14	Live snails in crevice outside Hayonim Cave
3.15	Infrared spectra of lightly weathered dog calcaneum
3.16	Infrared spectra of 1N HCl/insoluble fractions of modern and fossil bone
4.1	Distributions of lithics and bones in Mousterian sediments
4.2	Three-dimensional view of distribution of piece-plotted bones
4.3	Detail of Mousterian hearth lenses in north wall of central trench
4.4	Orientations of lithics in bone-rich and bone-poor zones, Layer E
4.5	Orientations of bones in bone-rich and bone-poor zones, Layer E
4.6	Transect placement in central trench
4.7	Dominant minerals relative to screen-recovered bone, 440/449 cm bd 
4.8	Dominant minerals relative to screen-recovered bone, 460/469 cm bd
4.9	Minerals in sediments from three bone abundance zones
4.10	Mean splitting factors for FTIR-sampled bones
4.11	Intensity of abrasion damage on FTIR-sampled bones
4.12	Articulated faunal specimens in Layer E, by excavation unit
4.13	Articulated faunal specimens in Layer E, by bone abundance zone
4.14	Rodent burrows crosscutting Mousterian hearth lenses and features
4.15	Visibility of bioturbation effects in units with and without dissolution
4.16	Distribution of lithic artifacts in J-row of Mousterian sediment column
4.17	Vertical variation in lithic artifact counts in Mousterian sediment column
5.1	Mandible of subadult fallow deer, Layer E
5.2	Artiodactyl distal radius with five carpal elements in connection
5.3	Attrition of cranial and mandibular bone relative to teeth
5.4	Bone- and tooth-based MNEs for ungulate crania and mandibles
5.5	Examples of portions-of-elements representing limb shafts
5.6	Density parameters relative to ungulate skeletal survivorship
5.7	End- and shaft-based MNEs for ungulate limb bones
5.8	Density values for shafts and denser end of same limb	
5.9	Frequency of burning by intensity on tortoise and ungulate remains
5.10	Percentages of burned specimens in unidentified and identified fractions
5.11	Mean fragment lengths for burned and unburned specimens
5.12	Inferred method of splitting tortoise shells
5.13	Impact damage on tortoise shell edges
5.14	Damaged tortoise humeri
5.15	Crushed, burned tortoise carapace, Layer E
5.16	Burning on tortoise carapace and plastron fragments, by time period
5.17	Typically ripped mandible of legless lizard
5.18	Articulated calubrid snake vertebrae
5.19	Ostrich eggshell fragments
5.20	Cut-marked leopard phalanges
5.21	Human-modified brown bear ulna
5.22	Frequencies of fractures and tool damage on ungulate remains
5.23	Cut marks and transverse fracture on gazelle metapodial
5.24	Common placements of fractures on gazelle appendicular bones
5.25	Frequencies of transverse fractures on gazelle limb elements
5.26	Frequencies of transverse fractures on fallow deer limb elements
5.27	Thoroughness with which ungulate limb medullae were opened
5.28	Top-split gazelle vertebra, Hayonim Cave
5.29	Density of bones and lithic artifacts per cubic meter of sediment
6.1	Biogeographical quadrants of the Mediterranean Basin
6.2	Biogeographical provinces of the eastern Mediterranean area
6.3	Partial right hemimandible of Lycaon (cape hunting dog)
6.4	Hayonim Lycaon mandible versus modern L. pictus and Canis lupus
7.1	Mean skeletal fragment lengths by prey body size, Hayonim Cave
7.2	Mean skeletal fragment lengths by prey body size, Layer E
7.3	Patterns in prey representation in Wadi Meged faunal series
7.4	Percentages of total prey biomass consumed from size-ordered species
7.5	Trends in Wadi Meged series for various ungulate and tortoise measures
7.6	Detrended frequency relations between major taxon pairs
7.7	Placement of measurements taken on tortoise humeri
7.8	Size reduction trend in Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoises
7.9	Placement of measurements taken on nuccal plate of tortoise carapace
7.10	Nuccal plate of Testudo graeca carapace in articulation and broken free
7.11	Size distributions of tortoise nuccal plates, Hayonim Cave
7.12	Size distributions of tortoise humeri, Kebara Cave
7.13	OIS timing of tortoise size reduction in Galilee sites
7.14	Model of size skewing in continuously growing animals
7.15	Skewing in size distributions of tortoise humeral diaphyses, Wadi Meged
7.16	Skewing in size distributions of tortoise humeral diaphyses, Kebara Cave
7.17	Nuccal plate shapes of female and male tortoises
7.18	Sex ratios of tortoises from four cultural layers, Hayonim Cave
7.19	Shapes of anal carapace plates of Pleistocene and modern tortoises
7.20	Carapace morphologies of Testudo graeca terrestris and T. graeca ibera
8.1	Abundances of quick-moving prey in faunal series from Israel and Italy
8.2	Abundances of birds and lagomorphs in faunal series from Israel and Italy
8.3	Size reduction trend in limpets, Riparo Mochi, Italy
8.4	Structure and variables of predator-prey simulation model
8.5	Idealized curves of tortoise body growth by sex
8.6	Simulated predation on tortoises under high and low growth conditions
8.7	Simulated predation on partridges under high and low growth conditions
8.8	Simulated predation on hares under high and low growth conditions
8.9	Comparison of high and low growth curves for tortoises and hares
8.10	Hunting tolerance thresholds for tortoises, partridges, and hares
9.1	Predicted differences in prey evenness under different foraging conditions
9.2	Geographical origins of the three Mediterranean faunal series
9.3	Evenness in representation of genera in faunas from Italy, Israel, and 
Turkey
9.4	Evenness in representation of prey, by size and defense mechanisms
9.5	Evenness in prey within small game fraction, by defense mechanisms
9.6	Trends in percentages of slow small prey in small game fraction
9.7	Size-ordered prey as percentages of total prey biomass obtained over time
9.8	Percentages of ungulate biomass obtained over time, Israel, Italy, Turkey
10.1	Cross-sectioned artiodactyl humerus, showing compact and spongy bone
10.2	Cross-sectioned artiodactyl femur, showing compact and spongy bone
10.3	Nine anatomical regions of the ungulate skeleton
10.4	Standardized bar chart for nine anatomical regions
10.5	Variation in bone structural density for nine anatomical regions
10.6	Gazelle body part profiles for Wadi Meged faunal series
10.7	Fallow deer body part profiles for Wadi Meged faunal series
10.8	Aurochs body part profiles for Wadi Meged faunal series
10.9	Summary comparison of ungulate body part profiles, Hayonim Cave
10.10	Anatomical patterns in ungulate remains collected by six types of 
predators
11.1	Living-structure and two mortality patterns for mammalian populations
11.2	Age structures of gazelles, fallow deer, and aurochs based on dental remains
11.3	Tooth eruption and wear stages according to three-age-cohort system
11.4	Fallow deer deciduous third and fourth premolars
11.5	Living-structure and mortality models in tripolar format
11.6	Ungulate mortality patterns created by human and nonhuman predators
11.7	Mortality patterns in artiodactyls, Paleolithic and Mousterian assemblages
11.8	Mortality patterns in artiodactyls, terminal Epipaleolithic assemblages
11.9	Mortality patterns in mountain gazelles in the Galilee
11.10	Changes in ungulate biomass in Mediterranean faunal series
11.11	Mortality patterns in two species of fallow deer
11.12	Percentages of unfused gazelle limb elements, Kebaran and 
Mousterian
11.13	Percentages of unfused gazelle limb elements, Natufian
11.14	Trends in ratios of juvenile to adult gazelles
11.15	Mountain gazelle astragalus size distributions
11.16	Distribution of gazelle astragali by distal breadth
12.1	Niche threshold shifts in hominids from 500,000 to 8,000 years ago
Tables
1.1	Faunal sample sizes for the Paleolithic of Hayonim Cave and Meged 
Rockshelter
1.2	Cultural, radiometric, and oxygen isotope chronologies for Hayonim Cave 
and Meged Rockshelter
1.3	Short definitions of zooarchaeological counting units
3.1	Fragment size data for burned and unburned bones from two sites in Italy
3.2	Percentages of burned ungulate bones and lithics in Mousterian cave sites, 
Italy
3.3	Burning damage categories for bone based on appearance and color
3.4	Results for 1N HCl/insoluble fraction by burn color code for bones from 
experiment fires
3.5	Bone fragment size as function of burn code before and after agitation and 
trampling
3.6	Numbers of bones in each burn category by depth below experimental fire
3.7	Mineralogical and color properties of bones burned while buried beneath fire 
5
3.8	Splitting factors for surfaces and interiors of modern weathered bones
3.9	Splitting factors, carbonate ratios, and 1N HCl/insoluble fractions for 
apparently burned and unburned bones
4.1	Splitting factor and other FTIR index means for compact and spongy bone
4.2	Splitting factor statistics for faunal specimens from subsquare pairs, Layer E
4.3	Mineralized skeletal tissue classes relative to bone abundance, Hayonim 
Cave
4.4	Fragment lengths for specimens from bone-poor and bone-rich zones, Layer 
E
4.5	Inclination results for piece-plotted bones from Mousterian Layer E
4.6	Intrusive Epipaleolithic and Upper Paleolithic stone artifacts in Layer E
4.7	Inferred intrusive bone in sediment column of Mousterian Layer E
4.8	Sediment mineralogy across high and low lithic density zones, Layer E
4.9	Sediment mineralogy in transitions between density zones, Layers E and F
5.1	Structural density values from photon densitometry for antelope, deer, and 
bison
5.2	Spearman's correlation statistics for bulk density and survivorship of 
ungulate element portions
5.3	Regression statistics for assemblages with significant relations between bulk 
density and survivorship of element portions
5.4	Limb MNE counts from unique shaft features and epiphyseal features of the 
more common of two ends
5.5	Incidence of weathering damage by stage in the Wadi Meged assemblages
5.6	Incidence of gnawing damage in the Wadi Meged assemblages
5.7	Incidence of burning damage by taxon in Layer E, Hayonim Cave
5.8	Burning frequencies for common prey groups in Kebaran and pre-Kebaran 
assemblages
5.9	Burning frequencies for unidentified and identified faunal specimens, 
Hayonim Mousterian
5.10	Mean fragment lengths for unidentified and identified faunal specimens, 
Hayonim Mousterian
5.11	Frequencies of transverse fractures on limb bones of small prey
5.12	Frequencies of impact and spiral fractures and burning damage on tortoise 
remains
5.13	Frequencies of burning on tortoise shell, shell margins, and nonshell skeletal 
parts
5.14	Frequencies of burning on tortoise carapace and plastron specimens
5.15	Frequencies of transverse fractures, tool marks, and burning damage on bird 
and small mammal remains
5.16	Avian pedal phalanx representation in the Early Kebaran and pre-Kebaran, 
Meged Rockshelter
5.17	Frequencies of damage on carnivore remains in the Wadi Meged 
assemblages
5.18	Frequencies of impact fractures, spiral fractures, and burning damage on 
ungulate remains
5.19	Percentages of ungulate limb bones in which medullary cavities were 
unopened
5.20	Degree of fragmentation of ungulate vertebrae in the larger Wadi Meged 
assemblages
6.1	Macrovertebrate taxa identified or suspected to exist in the Wadi Meged 
faunal series
6.2	Pooled osteometric statistics for gazelles and fallow deer
7.1	Spearman's correlation statistics for mean fragment length and animal body 
size
7.2	Percentages of carnivores, ungulates, and small game animals in the Wadi 
Meged series
7.3	Percentages of taxa in the small game fraction of the Wadi Meged series
7.4	Trends in game indexes and tortoise mean size in the Wadi Meged series
7.5	Percentages of major prey classes for Meged Rockshelter
7.6	Ungulate taxa as percentages of species-specific NISP in the Wadi Meged 
series
7.7	Carcass biomass as percentage of MNI for common prey species in the Wadi 
Meged series
7.8	Spearman's correlation statistics for taxonomic abundance and time for the 
Wadi Meged series
7.9	Spearman's correlation statistics for taxonomic abundance and time for 
ungulate categories
7.10	Spearman's correlation statistics for two taxonomic indexes, mean tortoise 
size, and time
7.11	Differences between consecutive assemblage pairs in percentages of 
gazelles, fallow deer, and tortoises
7.12	Measurements of tortoise humeral diaphysis breadth
7.13	Measurements of tortoise carapace nuccal plates
8.1	Percentages of carnivores, ungulates, and small game animals in the Italian 
Paleolithic series
8.2	Percentages of main taxa in the small game fraction of the Italian Paleolithic 
series
8.3	Life histories and predator defenses of small prey types in Mediterranean 
Paleolithic faunas
8.4	Fertility and mortality for tortoises, hares, and partridges in the high growth 
and low growth models
9.1	Indexed proportions of animal prey in Mediterranean diets, 10/200 KYA
10.1	Pairwise differences in density for deer cranial, limb, and foot regions 
10.2	Photon densitometry values for deer cranial, limb, and foot regions
10.3	Pairwise differences in mean structural density for bone portion regions in 
Mediterranean cave faunas
10.4	Ungulate crania and mandible representation in the Wadi Meged series 
10.5	Spearman's correlation statistics for food utility and skeletal density indexes 
for major skeletal elements 
10.6	Spearman's correlation statistics for food utility and skeletal density indexes 
for paired major limb elements 
10.7	Spearman's correlation statistics for bone portion survivorship and body part 
utility indexes for common ungulate taxa
11.1	Known-age ranges in months for replacement of dP4 by P4/M3 in artiodactyls
11.2	Three-cohort results for Wadi Meged artiodactyls, based on dental eruption 
and wear
11.3	Three-cohort results for Mediterranean ungulates
11.4	Three-cohort results for Mousterian artiodactyls
11.5	Fusion schedules for appendicular elements of gazelles and fallow deer
11.6	Percentages of fused and unfused gazelle and fallow deer limb bones in 
Kebaran and Mousterian assemblages
11.7	Percentages of fused and unfused gazelle limb bones in the Natufian 
assemblage, Hayonim Cave
11.8	Ratios of juvenile and adult gazelles and fallow deer in Galilee Paleolithic 
sites