Contents
List of Figures	000
List of Tables	000
Acknowledgments	000
chapter one
Introduction	000
Michael Chazan
chapter two
The Geological Setting	000
Micha Netser and Michael Chazan
chapter three
Luminescence and Electron Spin Resonance Dating	000
Naomi Porat
chapter four
Lithic Typology	000
Michael Chazan
chapter five
Lithic Technology	000
Michael Chazan
chapter six
Taxon Representation and Age and Sex Distributions	000
Herv¿ Monchot and Liora Kolska Horwitz
chapter seven
Remains of Freshwater Turtle	000
Gidon Hartman and Liora Kolska Horwitz
chapter eight
Sus, Hippopotamus, Bos, and Gazella	000
Liora Kolska Horwitz and Herv¿ Monchot
chapter nine
Cervidae	000
Adrian M. Lister
chapter ten
Palaeoloxodon	000
Paul Davies and Adrian Lister
chapter eleven
Faunal Taphonomy	000
Herv¿ Monchot and Liora Kolska Horwitz
chapter twelve
Spatial Analysis of Lithic Artifacts and Fauna from Holon	000
Michael Chazan, Herv¿ Monchot, and Liora Kolska Horwitz
chapter thirteen
Holon in the Context of the Levantine Late Lower Paleolithic	000
Liora Kolska Horwitz and Michael Chazan
References	000
Index	000
Figures
1.1	Locations of Holon and other major Lower Paleolithic sites
1.2	Excavation areas at Holon, 1963/1964 and 1970
1.3	Views of 1964 excavation at Holon
1.4	Palaeoloxodon tusk at Holon, 1964
1.5	Article in Maariv about excavation at Holon, 1964
1.6	Views of 1970 excavation at Holon
1.7	Bones and artifacts in situ at Holon, 1970
1.8	Holon site plan, 1963/1964
1.9	Holon site plan, 1970
1.10	Stratigraphic section from the 1964 excavation
1.11	"Cave" in the eastern part of the 1963 excavation
1.12	Intrusive channel in square 6, 1970 excavation
1.13	Section B, 1970 excavation
1.14	Section B, squares 4, 14, and 24
1.15	Section B, squares 34 and 44
2.1	Major geological units of the coastal plain of Israel
2.2	Geological units in the vicinity of Holon
2.3	Topography in the vicinity of Holon
2.4	Reconstructed course of the Paleo-Ayalon River
2.5	Stratigraphy along a transect south of Holon
2.6	Scenario for the geological formation of the site at Holon
3.1	Locations of the geological section pits A and B
3.2	Correlations between sections from excavation and two pits
3.3	Dose response curves for alkali feldspars and tooth enamel
3.4	Proportions of sand, silt, and clay in sediment samples from pit A
3.5	Grain sizes in four sediment samples from pit A
3.6	Bleaching experiments for the alkali feldspar sample
3.7	Results of anomalous fading tests
3.8	Sensitivity changes for sample Hol-5
3.9	Dating results from pits A and B
3.10	Comparison of ages from Holon and other sites
4.1	Retouched flakes
4.2	Flakes with Nahr Ibrahim truncations
4.3	Flakes with Nahr Ibrahim truncations and retouch
4.4	Correlations between Nahr Ibrahim truncations and types of retouch
4.5	Mean metric attributes of lithic categories in the Holon assemblage
4.6	Handaxes
4.7	Handaxes
4.8	Handaxes
4.9	Key to size variables measured for Holon handaxes
4.10	Holon handaxes as classified into each of three types
4.11	Handaxe length and refinement
4.12	Handaxe metrics for Holon and Tabun
4.13	Plot of length against the ratio B1/B2 for Tabun and Holon handaxes
4.14	Choppers
5.1	Box plots of mean lengths of flakes
5.2	Box plots of mean lengths of handaxes
5.3	Box plots of mean L1/L for handaxes
5.4	Box plots of mean B1/B2 for handaxes
5.5	Box plots of mean TH/L for handaxes
5.6	Box plots of mean L/W for flakes
5.7	Scatter plots of metric values and ratios for handaxes from 1970
5.8	Unretouched flakes
5.9	Schematic cross sections of flake types
5.10	Cores
5.11	Cores
5.12	Schematic representation of the trifacial method of core reduction
5.13	Distribution of numbers of dorsal scars on flakes
5.14	Laterality of retouching of sidescrapers and raclettes
5.15	Locations of oblique edges on sidescrapers and raclettes
5.16	Locations of oblique edges on all retouched and unretouched flakes
5.17	Locations of cortex by type of flake
5.18	Scatter-plot matrix of correlations between handaxe metric attributes
5.19	Handaxe metric attributes plotted against shape ratios
5.20	Scatter plot of B1/B2 against length for Holon handaxes
5.21	Percentage of cortex and number of dorsal scars plotted against handaxe 
metrics and shape ratios
5.22	Schematic configuration of the central portion of a Holon handaxe
5.23	Reconstruction of the way Holon handaxe knappers moved from the central 
portion to the tip
5.24	Relationships between raw materials and artifact classes
6.1	Measurements of Holon Dama astragali compared with modern D. 
mesopotamica
6.2	Measurements of Holon Bos astragali compared with aurochs
7.1	Mauremys caspica bones
8.1	Sus, Hippopotamus, and Bos teeth, bones, and horn cores
8.2	Bos postcranial elements
8.3	Bos astragali
8.5	Molisson graph showing Bos measurements for Holon and two French 
Pleistocene assemblages
8.6	Gazella bones
9.1	Cervus and Dama bones, antlers, and teeth
9.2	Sizes of Holon and Tabun E Dama bones and teeth
10.1	Occlusal views of Palaeoloxodon antiquus teeth
10.2	Widths of upper M3s of P. antiquus from British localities and Holon
10.3	Plate counts for upper M3s of P. antiquus from British localities and Holon
10.4	Lamellar frequencies of P. antiquus upper M3s plotted against width
10.5	Enamel thicknesses of upper M3s of P. antiquus from British localities and 
Holon
10.6	Palaeoloxodon antiquus complete tusk
11.1	Lengths of identified and unidentified bone shafts by excavation year
11.2	States of preservation of the Holon bones
11.3	Tripolar graph showing fragment shape and form
11.4	Proportional frequencies of lengths of Holon unidentifiable bone fragments
11.5	Proportional frequencies of breadths of Holon unidentifiable bone fragments
11.6	Proportional frequencies of thicknesses of Holon unidentifiable bone 
fragments
11.7	Ratios of Dama and Bos skeletal proportions using NISP counts
11.8	Corrected frequencies of skeletal elements for fallow deer and aurochs
11.9	Relationship for Bos between skeletal element as percentage of genus NISP 
and that element's MGUI for bison
11.10	Relationship for Dama between skeletal element as percentage of genus NISP 
and that element's MGUI for caribou
11.11	Relationship for Bos between skeletal element as percentage of genus NISP 
and bone mineral bulk density for bison
11.12	Relationship for Dama between skeletal element as percentage of genus NISP 
and bone mineral bulk density for caribou
11.13	Bone "tools" from Holon
11.14	Environmental SEM photographs of cut marks
11.15	Cut marks on bones
11.16	Chop marks and flake scars on antler and bone
11.17	Carnivore damage on bones
11.18	Bone with both cut marks and carnivore striations
12.1	Multivariate plot of distribution of fauna and lithics from 1970 by square
Tables
3.1	Equivalent dose (De) values for alkali feldspar extracts
3.2	Laboratory measurements for ESR dating
3.3	ESR results for dose rates, age calculation factors, and dating of teeth
3.4	Comparison of excavation sediment samples with samples from pits dug in 
1995
3.5	Luminescence dating results
4.1	Typology of Holon flake tools
4.2	Composite flake tools
4.3	Correlation of type of Nahr Ibrahim truncation with type of support
4.4	Mean metric attributes for flakes and flake tools
4.5	Metric attributes for handaxes
4.6	Metric attributes for choppers
5.1	Lithic assemblage breakdown by year
5.2	Ratios of total flakes to cores and of retouched flakes to handaxes, by year
5.3	Percentages of major types of retouched flakes by year
5.4	Percentages of Nahr Ibrahim truncations by year
5.5	Mean length, width, and thickness of flakes by year
5.6	Numbers and percentages of flakes by technological category
5.7	Platform dimensions for flakes with faceted and unfaceted platforms
5.8	Overall dimensions of flakes with faceted and unfaceted platforms
5.9	Pearson correlation matrix for flake platform and metric attributes
5.10	Pearson correlation matrix for flake platform attributes and flake metric 
attributes
5.11	Pearson correlation matrix of handaxe metric attributes and handaxe shape 
ratios
5.12	Holon handaxes by characteristics of distal end
5.13	Pearson correlation matrix of percentage cortex and number of dorsal scars 
against metric values and handaxe shape ratios
6.1	Animal species identified in the Holon assemblage
6.2	Wear stages of the occlusal surface of Dama lower M3
6.3	Crown height and wear stages of Bos teeth
9.1	Dimensions of antler remains from Holon and Tabun E
10.1	Identified molariform teeth from Holon
10.2	Age classification of teeth from Holon
11.1	Numbers of identified bones by taxon and excavation season
11.2	Numbers of unidentified bone fragments by size class and excavation season
11.3	Index of fragmentation for Holon and other Lower and Middle Paleolithic sites
11.4	Statistics for length, breadth, and thickness of Holon bone fragments
11.5	Unidentified bone fragments and identified elements by shape category
11.6	Number of bone fragments by size class
11.7	Anatomical elements of Bos and Dama (NISP)
11.8	Percentage of survival for selected skeletal elements of aurochs and fallow 
deer
11.9	Corrected frequencies for skeletal elements of aurochs and fallow deer
11.10	Ratios of skeletal portions for fallow deer and aurochs
11.11	Percentage differences between counts of proximal and distal ends of fallow 
deer and aurochs long bones
11.12	Fallow deer and aurochs bones by anatomical region as percentage of total 
identified elements
11.13	Percentage of survivorship of skeletal elements for aurochs and fallow deer in 
relation to MGUI and bone density
11.14	Identified remains of fallow deer and aurochs by fluvial dispersal category
11.15	Ratio of teeth to vertebrae at Holon and in comparative assemblages
11.16	Frequencies of cut-marked Bos and Dama specimens by bone element
11.17	Frequencies of cut-marked Bos and Dama specimens by skeletal part and 
anatomical element
12.1	Test for randomness in the distribution of lithic and faunal remains from 1970
12.2	Contingency table test for lithics and fauna from 1970
12.3	Test for randomness in the distribution of individual taxa
12.4	Results of contingency table tests between taxa
12.5	Counts of unidentified bone splinters by square for 1970
12.6	Results of randomness test for each type of lithic artifact
12.7	Results of contingency table tests for artifact classes
12.8	Results of contingency table tests for artifact classes
12.9	Results of contingency table tests for lithic artifacts and total fauna
12.10	Results of contingency table tests for handaxes and fauna
12.11	Results of contingency table tests for total flakes and faunal taxa
13.1	Late Lower Paleolithic sites in the Near East
13.2	Percentages of faunal taxa in late Lower Paleolithic sites
13.3	Carnivora and Reptilia species representation in Levantine Late Acheulian 
sites
13.4	Artiodactyla and Perisodactyla species representation in Levantine Late 
Acheulian sites
13.5	Ratios of major artifact classes in Levantine late Lower Paleolithic sites