The Levantine corridor sits at the continental crossroads of Africa and Eurasia, making it a focal point for scientific inquiry into the emergence of modern humans and their relations with Neanderthals. The recent excavations at Kebara Cave in Israel, undertaken by an international, interdisciplinary team of researchers, has provided data crucial for understanding the cognitive and behavioral differences between archaic and modern humans.

In this first of two volumes, the authors discuss site formation processes, subsistence strategies, land-use patterns, and intrasite organization. Hearths and faunal remains reveal a dynamic and changing settlement system during the late Mousterian period, when Kebara Cave served as a major encampment. The research at Kebara Cave allows archaeologists to document the variability observed in settlement, subsistence, and technological strategies of the Late Middle and early Upper Paleolithic periods in the Levant.

Contents
n
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Ofer Bar-Yosef and Bernard Vandermeersch	000
acknowledgments
references
chapter one
Introduction: The Framework of the Project	000
Ofer Bar-Yosef and Bernard Vandermeersch	000
the initial goals of the project
the paleoanthropological debate
archaeological observations and cultural definitions
the chronology of the late middle and upper pleistocene
summary
references
chapter two
History of the Excavations at Kebara Cave
Ofer Bar-Yosef and Bernard Vandermeersch	000
the location of kebara cave and its environment
the 1931 excavations by f. turville-petre
the excavations of m. stekelis
aims and field techniques of the recent excavations (1982[\#208>1990)
references
chapter three
Integrating the Archaeological Observations of the Two Projects
Ofer Bar-Yosef and Liliane Meignen	000
designing the excavation strategy
the horizontal excavation: the d¿capage
the complex stratigraphy: integrating observations concerning the middle and upper 
paleolithic deposits
lesson for the future
references
chapter four
Stratigraphy and Geoarchaeological History of Kebara Cave, Mount Carmel
Paul Goldberg, Henri Laville, Liliane Meignen, and Ofer Bar-Yosef	000
introduction
deposits and stratigraphic framework
western sector
West Profile
ensemble 6 (units xvi and xv)
Unit XVI
Unit XV
ensemble 5 (unit xiv)
ensemble 2 (units xiii to vii)
Unit XIII
Units VII through XII
entrance sector
Ensemble 1 (Units VI, V, Vr)
Summary of the Entrance Area
exterior sounding
fissure filling
Summary for Western Sector
northern sector
Western Part
eastern sector
northeastern area (square f/h/10/12)
sector: the d¿capage
southern and eastern sectors
Southwest Corner
South Profile
the eastern sector
Mousterian Deposits Exposed East of the D¿capage
middle paleolithic and upper paleolithic deposits in the east profile
middle and upper paleolithic sediments in the northeast sector
summary of east sector
geoarchaeological history at Kebara
Stage 1: Accumulation of Basal Sediments
Stage 2, Early Subsidence Event
Stage 3: Accumulation of Sediments from Ensemble 2
Stage 4: Early Slumping Events
Stage 5: The Major Subsidence Event and Filling of the Depression
phosphatization
conclusion
references
chapter five
The Hearths at Kebara Cave and Their Role in Site Formation Processes
Liliane Meignen, Paul Goldberg, and Ofer Bar-Yosef	000
introduction
kebara cave
macroscopic and microscopic descriptions of different types of structures and 
their interpretations
Intact Hearths
Medium-size Hearths
Large-size Hearths
Superposition of Small, In Situ Areas of Combustion
Large Accumulations of Exclusively White Ashes
White, Continuous Granular, Clay-rich Ashy Layers Rich in Bone and 
Tools
Possible Secondary Areas of Combustion
discussion and conclusion
references
appendix 5a: microscopic criteria for different types features
Sample 90-1
Sample 83-4
Sample 84-29
Sample 96-12
Sample 96-13
Sample 84-26
Sample 89-19
Sample 84-28(1)
Sample 89-18
Sample 85-6
Sample 90-6
Sample 89-4
Sample 85-28
Sample 85-25
Sample KEB 96-5b
Sample 96-6a
chapter six
An Archaeomagnetic Study of Two Hearths from Kebara Cave, Israel
Rob Sternberg and Egon H. E. Lass	000
introduction
methods
results
RockMagnetism
Paleomagnetism
discussion
references
chapter seven
Mineral Distributions in Kebara Cave: Diagenesis and Its Affect on the Archaeological 
Record
Steve Weiner, Francesco Berna, Illit Cohen, Ruth Shahack-Gross, Rosa M. Albert, 
Panagiotis Karkanas, Liliane Meignen, and Ofer Bar-Yosef	000
introduction
distribution of the primary constituents
Artifacts
Bones
Hearths, Ash, and Charcoal
Phytoliths
distribution of the secondary components
the stability field concept and its implications for bone diagenesis
the early diagenesis model: the importance of degrading organic matter and 
hydrology
archaeological implications
Periods of Occupation and Non-Occupation
Ash Formation and Dissolution
Bone Preservation
The Archaeobotanical Record
Implications for TL and ESR Dating
concluding comment
acknowledgments
references
>
chapter eight
The Use of Plant Materials in Kebara Cave: Phytoliths and Mineralogical Analysis
Rosa M. Albert, Ofer Bar-Yosef, and Steve Weiner	000
introduction
materials and methods
Choice of Samples
Methods
results
Mineralogy
Phytoliths
discussion
Phytolith Preservation
Phytolith Analysis
conclusions
acknowledgments
references
chapter nine
The Middle Paleolithic Occupations at Kebara Cave: A Faunal Perspective
John D. Speth and Eitan Tchernov 	000
introduction
background and methods
taphonomy
hunting versus scavenging
ungulate mortality patterns
transport patterns
the middle paleolithic occupations at kebara cave
Major Prey Species
sex ratios and seasonality
transport and processing
spatial organization
temporal change
tortoises
summary and conclusions
acknowledgments
references cited
chapter ten
Cementum Increment Analysis of Ungulate Teeth from the Kebara Cave Faunal 
Assemblages: Discriminating Seasonal Signals from Their Diagenetic Mimics
Aaron Stutz and Daniel E. Lieberman	000 
introduction
background
biological basis
methodological challenges
Variation
Diagenesis
chemical diagenesis and cementum in kebara's archaeological teeth
materials and methods
a case study of specimen K5665
sample-wide preservation patterns
discussion
Seasonal Gazelle Hunting in the Upper Paleolithic
Seasonal Gazelle Hunting in the Middle Paleolithic
conclusions
acknowledgments
references
chapter eleven
Kebara Cave: An Interim Summary
Ofer Bar-Yosef, Liliane Meignen, Paul Goldberg, and John D. Speth	000
introduction
Figures
P.1	Kebara cave in Mt. Carmel, a view from the west 000
1.1	A map of the Levant indicating the location of most known Middle Paleolithic 
sites as well as a few older ones mentioned in the text 000
1.2	The previously held chronologies for the Middle Paleolithic in the central Levant , 
based on Garrod 1962, Howell 1959, Copeland, Farrand 1979 and Jelinek 1981. 
Please note that not all the different versions of each author were summarized in 
this table 000
1. 3	The current chronology of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic as based on TL and 
ESR dates with the position of the main fossils 000
2.1	A map of Mt Carmel area with all the known Middle Paleolithic sites (after Olami 
1984) 000
2.2	Kebara cave a view from the west, from far away 000
2.3	A simplified geological map of Mt. Carmel 000
2.4	Map of Kebara cave with the Stekelis and the new grid systems. The heavy black 
line is the wall of the cave as drawn at the level when M. Stekelis started (see also 
Fig. 2.7). The broken lines in the northern portion designate the cave wall in the 
area of the "niche" (see also Fig. 2.10) 000
2.5	Schematic section through Kebara cave 000
2.6	Map of Kebara cave as drawn by Turville-Petre (after Garrod 1954) 000
2.7	Kebara cave with the grid of M.Stekelis as well as the recent one, demostrating 
the location of the rockfall at the cave's entrance, as well as the levels at the 
beginning of Stekelis excavations 000
2.8	General view of Stekelis excavations in 1958 (photo: Kebara archives) 000
2.9	Genral view of the excavations in (1954). Note the 2x2 m squares (photo: Kebara 
archives) 000
2.10	Note the trench on the left which was the original one dug in 1951, and the area 
near the northern wall, which was later called the "niche" (photo: Kebara 
archives) 000
2.11	The area of the entrance, a view toward the west (1954). Note the large rockfall 
(photo: M.Stekelis) 000
2.12	The sieving in front of the cave in 1953 (photo: Kebara archives) 000
2.13a	The "niche" area as defined by M. Stekelis in 1953 (photo: Kebara archives) 
000
2.13b	The "niche" area in 1965 (photo: Kebara archives) 000
2.14	A map showing the "hearths" as defined by Stekelis. For further discussion of 
these phenomena see Chapter 5 and Part II 000
2.15	The excavations in Kebara 1990 (photo: Kebara archives) 000
3.1	Map of Kebara cave showing the surface of the recent excavations and the two 
grid systems, the one employed by M. Stekelis of 2 x 2 m and ours (1 x 1 m) 000
3.2	view of the center of the excavations showing the D¿capage , the quasi horizontal 
area 000
3.3	An example for the excavation in process. Note the square meters and the 
recording of the finds in place 000
3.4	The late Dr. Irene Sala in course of excavting a square in the northern part of the 
central area 000
3.5	The water sieving, flottation and drying the of the sediments in front of the cave 
before picking 000
3.6	The field laboratory inside the cave in action 000
3.7	A view of a bone concentration in the D¿capage area 000
3.8	The western section as drawn by M. Stekelis (from Schick and Stekelis 1977) 
which conveys the impression of the layers being horizontal 000
3.9	Reconstructed topography of the unconformity between the Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic depositional units, as done on the basis of field observation, section 
drawing from the Stekelis archives and information about the presence of Upper 
Paleolithic artifacts near the northern wall. schematic map of the upper limit of 
MP sediments, in Stekelis and our excavations 000
3.10	A view of Kebara excavations during the last field season 000
4.1	Plan of Kebara Cave showing locations of sectors and profiles discussed in the 
text 000
4.2	View looking NW toward the entrance of Kebara and the Western area close to 
the end of the excavations 000
4.3	Kebara Cave looking toward the interior from the entrance. The large section 
opposite is the East Profile 000
4.4	General cross-section of the cave illustrating the major stratigraphic units as 
recognized by Turville-Petre, and the limits of the recent excavations 000
4.5	Semi-schematic block diagram of excavated area of Kebara close to the end of the 
excavations 000
4.6	Composite Western Profile illustrating deposits exposed in a number of closely 
situated sections 000
4.7	View of southern face of the Deep Sounding showing the basal geogenic deposits 
of Kebara 000
4.8	Composite Profile along south side of exposures in North Area 000
4.9	Close up of Units XV and XVI. ( POSSIBLY NEEDS COPYRIGHT 
PERMISSION FROM PLENUM: FROM AKAZAWA VOLUME, P. 111, FIG. 
3) [Editor: Advise Ofer Bar-Yosef to seek permission using Peabody Museum 
Press form letter asap.] 000
4.10a	Photomacrograph of quartzose sand adhering to bedrock at base of section within 
deep sounding. Width of view is ca. 75 mm 000
4.10b	Detail of lower part of Fig. 5a showing angular, well sorted sand with 
diagenetically altered bedded silt at the left-hand part of the photograph 000
4.11	Photomicrograph of thin section of finely laminated deposits shown in Fig. 4-9 
000
4.12	West profile along Sq. F G H I 19/20 showing the generally geogenic sediments 
and the relatively few burned areas 000
4.13	Photomicrograph of organic layer from Unit XIV in northern area 000
4.14	Deep Sounding showing contact between sterile, bedded silty deposits of Unit 
XIV 000
4.15	Stepped excavated surfaces, starting with Sq. I 19 in the foreground and looking 
south 000
4.16	South part of West Profile (Sq. M N O 20/21) showing a series of bedded burned 
layers dipping toward the south 000
4.17	Northern part of Western profile, Units V, VI, VII and VIII 000
4.18	Southwest corner of the central area of the site (Sq. Q20) 000
4.19	Entrance area of the cave looking northwest. The approximate contacts between 
Units is shown on the right 000
4.20a	Closer view of the entrance sediments shown along the middle of M and the L/M 
line, looking north 000
4.20b	Closer look at entrance sediments in the L/M line 000
4.21	A view toward the entrance of the cave as runoff generated during a thunderstorm 
in October, 1984 enters the cave 000
4.22	Photomicrograph of sediment from the top of Unit Vr showing aggregates of fresh 
terra rossa silty clay (TR), bone (B) and a carnivore coprolite (presumably 
hyaena) in the center (C) 000
4.23	Photo of dipping hearths in Sq. I13 and I 14 000
4.24	Northeastern part of excavation 000
4.25	Map showing the distribution of vertical hearths in the Decapage area 000
4.26a	The D¿capage area looking north 000
4.26b	Southwest corner of the d¿capage are that includes a part of the West Profile in 
the upper part of the photo 000
4.27	The South Profile, showing the finely laminated, water-laid nature of the Upper 
Palaeolithic sediments in the section 000
4.28a	View of South (right) and East Profiles. Note the finely laminated Upper 
Palaeolithic deposits, which dip toward the back of the cave 000
4.28b	Full frontal view of the South Profile 000
4.29	Photomicrograph of sediments from Unit VI in S Profile 000
4.30a	Macrophotograph of well bedded Upper Palaeolithic sediments sample 90-22 
from Unit III along the South Profile 000
4.30b	Photomicrograph of sample 90-22 showing mixture of components 000
4.30c	Same as Fig. 4-30b but in XPL. The bright color of the rubefied aggregates can 
be seen here as well as the distinct bedding of the fine quartz sand at the base of 
the photograph 000
4.30d	Photomicrograph of sample 90-22 showing rounded terra rossa grain in the same 
bed as a piece of charcoal to the left. PPL; width of field is ca. 6.4 mm 000
4.30f	Detail of Fig. 4-30d showing bright rounded terra rossa grain and angular, black 
pieces of charcoal to the right of it. PPL; width of field is ca. 3.2 mm 000
4.31	Photomicrograph of well bedded Upper Palaeolithic sediments from Unit I along 
the South Profile 000
4.32	Composite section of the Eastern Profile 000
4.33	East Profile corresponding to panels "a" and "c" in Fig. 8 000
4.34	Composite photograph from trench in Sq. L, M, N 14 000
4.35	Northeast corner. The part of the photo on the right corresponds to panel "e" of 
Fig. 4-32 000
4.36	Detailed view of Sq. J10 in northeast corner of site showing calcite (and some 
apatite) cemented Middle Palaeolithic bone rich red silty clays at the left 000
4.37a	Macrophotograph of sample Keb-86-27 from SQ. L13, d=-520, showing 
laminated nature of sample 000
4.37b	Photomicrograph of Fig. 4-37a showing alternately banded of light and dark 
brown partially compact silts with charcoal and organic matter 000
4.37c	Detail of Fig. 4-37b showing flecks of organic matter and bedded material at the 
base. PPL; width of field is ca. 1.3 mm 000
4.37d	High magnification view of sample Keb-86-27 showing diatom in the center of 
the photograph 000
4.38	View of Units IX(?) and X exposed along the south face of part of the Sondage 
(Square N18/19) 000
5.1	Western section showing superposition of burning features and layers 000
5.2	Deep Sounding with superposition and imbrication of burning features shown by 
layers of dark, charcoal and white, ash 000
5.3	Deep Sounding with superposition of hearths of varying thicknesses 000
5.4	Deep Sounding, plan view of unit XIII illustrating partially superposed fireplaces 
000
5.5	Deep Sounding, unit XIII illustrating detailed map of imbricated hearths shown in 
fig.5.4 000
5.6	D¿capage, unit X with two partially superposed fireplaces 000
5.7	Deep Sounding, unit XIII showing detailed map of small fireplaces around a 
larger one 000
5.8	Deep Sounding unit XIII, south section illustrating a large basin-shaped "hearth" 
with successive combustion events 000
5.9	Deep Sounding unit XIII, south section - detail of Fig. 5.8 000
5.10	Deep Sounding - successive medium-sized purposefully prepared hearths in a 
basin-shaped depression 000
5.11	North-eastern area of unit XI showing an isolated hearth with carbonaceous rim 
000
5.12	Western section showing erosion between units VI/VII with infilling and water 
reworking of bedded ashy sediments 000
5.13	Macroscan of thin section Keb90-1 000
5.14	Macroscan of thin section Keb83-4 000
5.15	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb83-4 000
5.16	Macroscan of thin section Keb84-29 000
5.17	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb84-29 000
5.18	North-western area, sq. I20 unit IX with large hearth of mostly white ashes 000
5.19	Deep Sounding, unit XII showing large basin-like "hearth", ca. 80 cm in diameter 
000
5.20	Macroscan of thin section Keb96-12 000
5.21	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb96-12a 000
5.22	Macroscan of thin section Keb96-13b 000
5.23	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb96-13b 000
5.24	Deep Sounding unit XI, eastern section with superposition of numerous in situ 
hearths and stepped-like faults 000
5.25	Macroscan of thin section Keb84-26 000
5.26	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb84-26 000
5.27	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb84-26 000
5.28	Macroscan of thin section Keb89-19 000
5.29	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb89-19 000
5.30	Macroscan of thin section Keb84-28 000
5.31	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb84-28-1 000
5.32	Photomicrograph of thin section different area in Keb84-28-1 000
5.33	Northern area, close to the "kitchen-midden" zone with 80 cm thick accumulation 
of white ashes 000
5.34	Macroscan of thin section Keb89-18 000
5.35	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb89-18 in plane polarized light 000
5.36	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb89-18 in cross polarized light 000
5.37	Northern area, sq.H21 unit VII, showing the surface of cm-thick beds of grayish 
and reddish ash-rich deposits 000
5.38	Macroscan of thin section Keb85-6 000
5.39	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb85-6 000
5.40	Macroscan of thin section Keb90-6 000
5.41	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb90-6 000
5.42	Deep Sounding, western section, showing differences in thickness of the 
numerous superposed burning features 000
5.43	Deep Sounding, detail of the western section, with grey ashy sediments and 
charcoal interstratified with lenticular hearths 000
5.44	Macroscan of thin section Keb89-4 000
5.45	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb89-4 000
5.46	Macroscan of thin section Keb85-28 000
5.47	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb85-28 000
5.48	Photomicrograph of different area of thin section Keb85-28 000
5.49	Macroscan of thin section Keb85-25 000
5.50	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb85-25-1 000
5.51	Macroscan of thin section Keb96-5b 000
5.52	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb96-5b 000
5.53	Macroscan of thin section Keb96-6a 000
5.54	Photomicrograph of thin section Keb96-6a 000
5.55	Macroscan of thin section Keb90-5 000
5.56:Macroscan of thin section Keb90-5 000
5.57	Macroscan of thin section Keb90-21 000
5.58	Fireplace at Touareg campsite, Tassili, Algeria 000
6.1	The maximum IRM strength for Kebara samples 000
6.2	The MDFs for the six Kebara pilot demagnetization samples are 14, 16 and 17 
mT for KB001, and 18, 26 and 38 mT for KB002 000
6.3	The vector component diagrams for KBOO1 000
6.4	The mean directions at the optimal demagnetization steps 000
7.1	Map of Kebara Cave showing excavated areas, and the locations of bone 
concentrations (rastered areas) 000
7.2	Photograph of the central Decapage area viewed in the north west direction 000
7.3	Photograph of hearths in a vertical section Note that many of the hearths are 
underlain by dark coloured layers. Scale bar : 20 cm intervals 000
7.4	Distribution of the major mineral components of the hearths analysed 000
7.5	Distribution of major mineral phases in the sediments and hearths analysed 000
7.6	The mineral distribution in the central Decapage area 000
7.7	Schematic diagram showing the common primary and secondary minerals found 
in archaeological sites 000
7.8	Stability field diagram adapted from Karkanas et al (2000) 000
7.9	Plane view of the Decapage area showing the locations of the sediment 
samples (O) that contain carbonated apatite in relation to the locations of 
the 3 bone concentrations 000
8.1 / Photograph of a section in Kebara cave showing the superimposed hearths with different 
colors 000
8.2 - Map of Kebara cave with the excavation grid squares, showing the locations of the samples 
studied. A 000
8.3	Histogram showing the percentages of the main morphological groups in which 
phytoliths were divided from Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic samples 000
8.4	Histogram showing the percentage of grass phytoliths in the Mousterian and Upper 
Paleolithic levels of the total assemblage of consistent morphology phytoliths identified 
in the archaeological samples 000
8.5	Photomicrographs of phytoliths identified in Kebara sediments and in the modern plant 
reference collection 000
8.6	Photomicrographs of phytoliths identified in Kebara samples and in the modern plant 
reference collection 000
8.7	Histogram showing the weight % volume of vegetal material derived from grasses, 
leaves and wood/bark in the hearths from the Mousterian samples 000
9.1	Frequency of gazelle and fallow deer distal humeri and distal tibias in the Middle 
and Upper Paleolithic (NISP) 000
9.2	Proportion of carnivore-damaged bones in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic 
assemblages (NISP) 000
9.3	Skeletal element frequencies in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic (NISP, gazelle 
only) 000
9.4	Skeletal element frequencies in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic (NISP, fallow 
deer only) 000
9.5	Skeletal element frequencies in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic (NISP, red deer 
only) 000
9.6	Proportion of cutmarked bones in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic assemblages 
(NISP) 000
9.7	Proportion of burned bones in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic assemblages 
(NISP) 000
9.8	Proportion of cutmarked bones by anatomical unit in the Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic assemblages (NISP, gazelle only) 000
9.9	Proportion of cutmarked bones by anatomical unit in the Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic assemblages (NISP, fallow deer only) 000
9.10	Proportion of cutmarked bones by anatomical unit in the Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic assemblages (NISP, red deer only) 000
9.11	Frequency of gazelle and fallow deer bones by anatomical unit in the Middle 
Paleolithic (MNI) 000
9.12	Ternary diagram showing prey age classes taken by modern non-human cursorial 
and ambush predators (after Stiner 1994) 000
9.13	Ternary diagram showing prey age classes taken by Italian Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic hominids (after Stiner 1994) 000
9.14	Ternary diagram showing prey age classes taken by Kebara Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic hominids (based on dP4 and P4) 000
9.15	Ternary diagram showing prey age classes, grouped into "early" (units IX - XIII) 
and "late" (units VI - VIII) geologically defined stratigraphic units, taken by 
Kebara Middle and Upper Paleolithic hominids (based on dP4 and P4) 000
9.16	Ternary diagram showing prey age classes, grouped by arbitrary horizontal half-
meter level, taken by Kebara Middle and Upper Paleolithic hominids (gazelle 
only, based on dP4 and P4) 000
9.17	Ternary diagram showing prey age classes, grouped by arbitrary horizontal half-
meter level, taken by Kebara Middle and Upper Paleolithic hominids (fallow deer 
only, based on dP4 and P4) 000
9.18	Scattergram of head-to-limb ratio ([H+H]/L) plotted against ratio of prime to old 
adults for Italian Middle and Upper Paleolithic assemblages (after Stiner 1994) 
000
9.19	Scattergram of Index of Skeletal Completeness (tMNE/MNI) plotted against head-
to-limb ratio ([H+H]/L) for Italian Middle and Upper Paleolithic assemblages 
(after Stiner 1994) 000
9.20	Scattergram of head-to-limb ratio ([H+H]/L) plotted against ratio of prime to old 
adults for Kebara Middle Paleolithic assemblages 000
9.21	Scattergram of Index of (Relative) Skeletal Completeness (tMNE/MNI) plotted 
against head-to-limb ratio ([H+H]/L) for Kebara Middle Paleolithic assemblages 
000
9.22	Scattergram of head-to-limb ratio ([H+H]/L) plotted against ratio of prime to old 
adults, grouped by arbitrary horizontal one-meter level, for Kebara Middle 
Paleolithic assemblages (gazelle only) 000
9.23	Scattergram of head-to-limb ratio ([H+H]/L) plotted against ratio of prime to old 
adults, grouped by arbitrary horizontal one-meter level, for Kebara Middle 
Paleolithic assemblages (fallow deer only) 000
9.24	Scattergram of Index of (Relative) Skeletal Completeness (tMNE/MNI) plotted 
against head-to-limb ratio ([H+H]/L), grouped by arbitrary horizontal one-meter 
level, for Kebara Middle Paleolithic assemblages (gazelle only) 000
9.25	Scattergram of Index of (Relative) Skeletal Completeness (tMNE/MNI) plotted 
against head-to-limb ratio ([H+H]/L), grouped by arbitrary horizontal one-meter 
level, for Kebara Middle Paleolithic assemblages (fallow deer only) 000
9.26	Pie diagram showing proportions of major taxa at Kebara (NISP, based on dP4, 
P4, and M3) 000
9.27	Pie diagram showing proportions of major taxa at Kebara, grouped into "lower" 
(units IX - XIII) and "upper" (units VI - VIII) geologically defined stratigraphic 
units (NISP, based on dP4, P4, and M3) 000
9.28	Taxonomic composition of Kebara fauna plotted against geologically defined 
stratigraphic units (NISP, based on dP4, P4, and M3) 000
9.29	Taxonomic composition of Kebara fauna plotted against geologically defined 
stratigraphic units (NISP, based on phalanges 1 - 3) 000
9.30	Taxonomic composition of Kebara fauna plotted against arbitrary horizontal half-
meter levels (NISP, based on dP4, P4, and M3) 000
9.31	Taxonomic composition of Kebara fauna plotted against arbitrary horizontal half-
meter levels (NISP, based on phalanges 1 - 3) 000
9.32	Sex determination in fallow deer (humerus): scattergram of distal breadth (mm) 
plotted against minimum diameter of trochlea (mm) 000
9.33	Sex determination in fallow deer (metacarpal): scattergram of distal breadth (mm) 
plotted against distal depth (mm) 000
9.34	Sex determination in fallow deer (astragalus): histogram of Greatest Length of 
Lateral Half (GLl, mm, after von den Driesch 1976) 000
9.35	Sex determination in fallow deer (astragalus): histogram of Greatest Depth of 
Lateral Half (Dl, mm, after von den Driesch 1976) 000
9.36	Sex determination in fallow deer (astragalus): scattergram of Greatest Length of 
Lateral Half (GLl, mm) plotted against Greatest Depth of Lateral Half (Dl, mm) 
000
9.37	Sex ratio (male) of gazelle, and proportion of immature gazelle, plotted against 
arbitrary horizontal half-meter levels (NISP) 000
9.38	Sex ratio (male) of fallow deer, and proportion of immature fallow deer, plotted 
against arbitrary horizontal half-meter levels (NISP) 000
9.39	Sex ratio (male) of both gazelle and fallow deer plotted against arbitrary 
horizontal half-meter levels (NISP) 000
9.40	Sex ratio (male) of fallow deer antlers plotted against arbitrary horizontal one-
meter levels (NISP) 000
9.41	Frequency of juvenile and adult maxillae expressed as a proportion of total 
maxillary and mandibular fragments (NISP, includes isolated teeth) 000
9.42	Frequency of moderate- to high-utility marrow bones (phalanges 1 - 2 and 
metapodials), expressed as a proportion of total phalanges, metapodials and large 
tarsals (astragali, calcanei, naviculo-cuboids) (NISP) 000
9.43	Proportion of cutmarked bones by anatomical unit (NISP) 000
9.44	Proportion of cutmarked upper and low limb bones by age class (NISP) 000
9.45	Proportion of burned bones by anatomical unit (NISP) 000
9.46	Proportion of burned bones by age class and body size at Kebara Cave (NISP) 
000
9.47	Proportion of burned bones by age class and body size at late prehistoric (AD 
1300) Henderson Site (USA) (NISP) 000
9.48	Mean maximum fragment length (cm) in north wall and central floor areas 
(unburned only, excluding isolated teeth) 000
9.49	Frequency of bulky, low-utility skeletal elements (heads) in north wall area, 
expressed as a proportion of total heads in the north wall and central floor areas 
(NISP); and frequency of high-utility skeletal elements (metapodials) in north 
wall area, expressed as a proportion of total metapodials in the north wall and 
central floor areas (NISP) 000
9.50	Frequency of complete (unbroken) phalanges 1 - 2 in north area, expressed as a 
proportion of total phalanges 1 - 2 (broken and unbroken) in the north wall area 
(NISP); and frequency of complete (unbroken) phalanges 1 - 2 in central area, 
expressed as a proportion of total phalanges 1 - 2 (broken and unbroken) in the 
central area (NISP) 000
9.51	Proportion of burned bones in the north wall and central floor areas by body size 
(NISP, excluding isolated teeth) 000
9.52	Proportion of burned bones in the north wall and central floor areas plotted 
against arbitrary horizontal half-meter levels (NISP, gazelle only, excluding 
isolated teeth) 000
9.53	Proportion of burned bones in the north wall and central floor areas plotted 
against arbitrary horizontal half-meter levels (NISP, fallow deer only, excluding 
isolated teeth) 000
9.54	Proportion of carnivore-damaged bones plotted against arbitrary horizontal half-
meter levels (NISP, all taxa, excluding isolated teeth) 000
9.55	Mean maximum fragment length (cm) plotted against arbitrary horizontal half-
meter levels (gazelle and fallow deer, unburned, excluding isolated teeth) 000
9.56	Mean maximum fragment length (cm) plotted against geologically defined 
stratigraphic units (fallow deer only, unburned, excluding isolated teeth) 000
9.57	Proportion of foxes and other carnivores plotted against arbitrary horizontal half-
meter levels (NISP) 000
9.58	Proportion of bulky, low-utility skeletal elements (heads) plotted against arbitrary 
horizontal half-meter levels (NISP) 000
9.59	Mean standardized marrow index plotted against arbitrary horizontal half-meter 
levels (all taxa) 000
9.60	Index of (Relative) Skeletal Completeness (tMNE/MNI) plotted against arbitrary 
horizontal half-meter levels 000
9.61	General Index of Transport Constraints (H/[H+T]) for woodland and grassland 
forms plotted against arbitrary horizontal half-meter levels (NISP) 000
9.62	Cranial Index of Transport Constraints (Max/[Max+Man]) for woodland and 
grassland forms plotted against arbitrary horizontal half-meter levels (NISP) 000
9.63	Burned Middle Paleolithic marginal (peripheral) carapace segment (dorsal and 
ventral view) from Kebara Cave 000
9.64	Proportion of tortoise bones in each geologically defined Middle Paleolithic 
stratigraphic unit, expressed as a percentage of the total number of tortoise bones 
assigned to a specific unit recovered by the Bar-Yosef and Vandermeersch 
excavations (%NISP) 000
10.1	Longitudinal cross section through a typical adult bovid molar, with cementum 
illustrated in oral anatomical context 000
10.2	Cementum in dental context in longitudinal cross sections 000
10.3	Schematized dental cross sections of three cementum zones that exhibit seasonal 
incremental banding in mammal teeth 000
10.4	Acellular cementum (AC) increments defined by variations in Sharpey's fiber 
orientation 000
10.5	Polarizing transmitting light photomicrographs of a thin section through the distal 
root of case study specimen K5665, a gazelle P4 from the Upper Paleolithic layers 
of Kebara Cave (see Lieberman 1993b) 000
Tables [Editor: Augment list of tables with tables from chapters other than chapter 
9.]
9.1	Frequency of gazelle and fallow deer distal humeri and distal tibias in the Middle 
and Upper Paleolithic (NISP) 000
9.2	Frequency of cutmarked and carnivore-damaged bones by taxon in the Middle 
and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.3	Frequency of gazelle, fallow deer, and red deer bones by anatomical unit in the 
Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.4	Frequency of burned bones by taxon in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.5	Frequency of cutmarked gazelle bones by anatomical unit in the Middle and 
Upper Paleolithic 000
9.6	Frequency of cutmarked fallow deer bones by anatomical unit in the Middle and 
Upper Paleolithic 000
9.7	Frequency of cutmarked red deer bones by anatomical unit in the Middle and 
Upper Paleolithic 000
9.8	Frequency of gazelle and fallow deer bones by anatomical unit in the Middle 
Paleolithic (MNI) 000
9.9	Frequency of juvenile, prime old, and old adult animals, based on lower dP4 and 
lower P4, in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.10	Frequency of juvenile, prime old, and old adult animals, based on lower dP4 and 
lower P4, grouped into "Upper" and "Lower" stratigraphic units in the Middle 
Paleolithic 000
9.11	Frequency of juvenile, prime old, and old adult gazelle, based on lower dP4 and 
lower P4, by arbitrary horizontal half-meter level in the Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic 000
9.12	Frequency of juvenile, prime old, and old adult fallow deer, based on lower dP4 
and lower P4, by arbitrary horizontal half-meter level in the Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic 000
9.13	Minimum number of skeletal elements (MNE) by anatomical unit and summary 
indices discussed in text 000
9.14	Summary indices for gazelle and fallow deer by arbitrary horizontal one-meter 
level 000
9.15	Frequency of five major taxa in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.16	Frequency of five major taxa by stratigraphic unit in the Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic 000
9.17	Frequency of five major taxa by arbitrary horizontal half-meter level in the 
Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.18	Sex and age composition of gazelle and fallow deer bones by arbitrary horizontal 
half-meter level in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.19	Frequency of juvenile and adult maxillae and mandibles by taxon in the Middle 
Paleolithic 000
9.20	Frequency of high- versus low-utility elements by taxon in the Middle Paleolithic 
000
9.21	Frequency of cutmarked bones by anatomical unit (grouped) in the Middle 
Paleolithic 000
9.22	Frequency of juvenile and adult cutmarked upper and lower limb elements by 
taxon in the Middle Paleolithic 000
9.23	Frequency of burned bones by anatomical unit (grouped) in the Middle Paleolithic 
000
9.24	Frequency of burned bones by taxon and age class in the Middle Paleolithic at 
Kebara Cave (Israel) and in the late prehistoric at the Henderson Site (USA) 000
9.25	Frequency of burned bones and mean fragment length of unburned bones, by 
taxon, in north wall and central floor areas in the Middle Paleolithic 000
9.26	Frequency of heads and metapodials in the north wall and central floor areas by 
taxon in the Middle Paleolithic 000
9.27	Frequency of complete versus broken phalanges 1 - 2 by taxon in the north wall 
and central floor areas in the Middle Paleolithic 000
9.28	Frequency of burned gazelle and fallow deer bones in north wall and central floor 
areas by arbitrary horizontal half-meter level in the Middle Paleolithic 000
9.29	Frequency of carnivore-damaged bones (all taxa combined) by arbitrary 
horizontal half-meter level in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.30	Maximum fragment length (mean) of gazelle and fallow deer bones by arbitrary 
horizontal half-meter level and natural stratigraphic unit in the Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic 000
9.31	Frequency of carnivore remains by arbitrary horizontal half-meter level in the 
Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.32	Frequency of heads of gazelle, fallow deer, and red deer by arbitrary horizontal 
half-meter level in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.33	Standardized Marrow Index (mean) by arbitrary horizontal half-meter level in the 
Middle and Upper Paleolithic 000
9.34	Index of (Relative) Skeletal Completeness (tMNE/MNI) for gazelle and fallow 
deer by arbitrary horizontal half-meter level in the Middle Paleolithic 000
9.35	General Index of Transport Constraints (H/[H+T]) in grassland and woodland 
taxa by arbitrary horizontal half-meter level in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic 
000
9.36	Cranial Index of Transport Constraints (Max/[Max+Man]) in grassland and 
woodland taxa by arbitrary horizontal half-meter level in the Middle and Upper 
Paleolithic 000
9.37	Frequency of tortoise remains by geologically defined stratigraphic unit in the 
Middle and early Upper Paleolithic 000