A newly expanded and updated edition of one of the best-selling introductions to linguistic morphology—the study and description of word formations in languages—that deals with inflection, derivation, and compounding, the system of word-forming elements and processes in a language. Basic concepts are introduced, with an abundance of examples from a range of familiar and exotic languages, followed by a discussion of, among other topics, the definition of word-form, productivity, inflection versus derivation, and the position of morphology to phonology—the science of speech sounds, especially the history and theory of sound changes in a language. Along with two new chapters discussing morphology and the brain and how morphology arises, changes, and disappears, this new edition includes exercises and a glossary of key terms.

Laurie Bauer is professor of linguistics at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, and the author of Morphological Productivity and An Introduction to International Varieties of English.

Contents
	Preface 	
PART ONE  Fundamentals  	
1 	Introduction 		00	
2 	The basic units 		00
 	2.1 A close look at words 		00
 	2.2 Elements smaller than the word 		00
 	2.3 Inflection and derivation 		00
 	2.4 Allomorphs and morphemes 		00
 	2.5 Recapitulation 		00
3 	The morphological structure of words 		00
 	3.1 Word-building processes using affixes 		00
 		3.1.1 Suffixes 		00
 		3.1.2 Prefixes 		00
 		3.1.3 Circumfixes 		00
 		3.1.4 Infixes 		00
 		3.1.5 Interfixes 		00
 		3.1.6 Transfixes 		00
 	3.2 Reduplication 		00
 	3.3 Word-building by modification of the base 		00
 	3.4 Relationships with no change of form 		00
 	3.5 Cases involving shortening bases 		00
 	3.6 Processes involving several lexemes 		00
 	3.7 Alphabet-based formations 		00
 	3.8 Unique morphs 		00
 	3.9 Suppletion 		00
 	3.10 Conclusion 		00
PART TWO Elaboration  	
4 	Defining the word-form 		00
 	4.1 Phonological criteria 		00
 		4.1.1 Stress 		00
 		4.1.2 Vowel harmony 		00
 		4.1.3 Phonological processes 		00
 	4.2 Morphological and syntactic criteria 		00
5 	Productivity 		00
 	5.1 Productivity as a cline 		00
 	5.2 Productivity as synchronic 		00
 	5.3 Potential words and productivity in the individual 		00
 	5.4 Blocking 		00
 	5.5 Defining the productivity of a process 		00
 		5.5.1 So-called limitations on productivity 		00
 		5.5.2 So-called semi-productivity 		00
6 	Inflection and derivation 		00
 	6.1 Meaning 		00
 	6.2 Derivation may cause a change of category 		00
 	6.3 Inflectional affixes have a regular meaning 		00
 	6.4 Inflection is productive, derivation semi-productive 		00
 	6.5 Derivational affixes are nearer the root than inflectional ones 	00
 	6.6 Derivatives can be replaced by monomorphemic forms 		00
 	6.7 Inflection uses a closed set of affixes 		00
 	6.8 Inflectional morphology is what is relevant to the syntax 		00
 	6.9 A first conclusion 		00
	6.10 An alternative conclusion		00
7	What is a morpheme?		00
	7.1 Problems with morphemes		00
	7.2 Some other views of the morpheme		00
	7.3 From morpheme to morphome		00
	7.4 Can we have morphology without morphemes?		00
8 	The domain of morphology 		00
 	8.1 Links with phonology 		00
 	8.2 Links with syntax 		00
 	8.2.1 Clitics 		00
 	8.2.2 Compounds 		00
 	8.3 Concluding remarks 		00
			
PART THREE Issues	
9 	Recognising morphemes 		00
 	9.1 Affixes 		00
 	9.2 Bases 		00
 	9.3 A proposal for limiting abstractness 		00
	9.4 What are the alternatives?		00
		9.4.1 Phonological		00
		9.4.2 Semantic		00
		9.4.3 Syntactic		00
		9.4.4 Etymological		00
		9.4.5 Back to morphs		00
10 	Lexicalist morphology 		00
 	10.1 Why the lexicon? 		00
 	10.2 The function of a morphology 		00
 	10.3 Full entry theory 		00
 	10.4 Strata in the morphology 		00
 	10.5 Heads and feature percolation 		00
 	10.6 Other considerations 		00
 	10.7 A closer look at stratal theories		00
 	10.8 Review: lexicalist morphology 		00
11 	Word-and-paradigm morphology 		00
 	11.1 The distinctiveness of WP 		00
 	11.2 An example 		00
 	11.3 Synopsis 		00
12	Non-linear approaches to morphology		00
	12.1 Some concepts and terminology		00
	12.2 Arabic transfixes or root-and-pattern morphology		00
	12.3 Reduplication		00
	12.4 Infixation		00
	12.5 Taking it further		00
13 	Morphological typology and universals 		00
 	13.1 Morphological typology 		00
 	13.2 Universals concerning order 		00
 	13.3 Implicational universals 		00
 	13.4 Paradigm-centred universals 		00
14 	Natural morphology 		00
 	14.1 Naturalness 		00
 	14.2 Conflicts of naturalness 		00
 	14.3 Implications 		00
 	14.4 Conclusion 		00
15	Diachronic morphology		00
	15.1 Where does morphology come from?		00
		15.1.1 Reanalysis		00
		15.1.2 Grammaticalisation		00
	15.2 Where does morphology go?		00
	15.3 How does morphology change?		00
16	Morphology in the mind		00
	16.1 Connectionism and the dual route		00
	16.2 Morphemes		00
	16.3 The suffixing preference		00
	16.4 Envoi		00
	
	Appendix A: Morphological analysis 		00
 	Appendix B: Discussion of selected exercises 		00
 	Appendix C: Glossary 		00
 	References 		00
 	Index 			00
 

Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Grammar, Comparative and general Morphology