Bantu Applicative Constructions
by Sara Pacchiarotti
CSLI, 2019
eISBN: 978-1-68400-060-9 | Paper: 978-1-68400-059-3
Library of Congress Classification PL8025.1.P33 2019
Dewey Decimal Classification 496.39045
eISBN: 978-1-68400-060-9 | Paper: 978-1-68400-059-3
Library of Congress Classification PL8025.1.P33 2019
Dewey Decimal Classification 496.39045
ABOUT THIS BOOK | AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY | TOC
ABOUT THIS BOOK
This book addresses various shortcomings in definitions of “applicative” when compared to what is actually found across languages and proposes a four-way distinction among applicative constructions, especially relevant to Bantu, a large family of languages spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Sara Pacchiarotti is a postdoc in the Department of Languages and Cultures at Ghent University.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
1.1 Why a Book on Bantu Applicative Constructions?
1.2 Bantu Languages: History and Internal Classification
1.3 Bantu Conventions and Sample Used in This Study
1.4 Bantu Applicative Morphemes Not Addressed in This Study
2.1 “Applicative”: Origins and Alternative Names
2.2 Previous Approaches and the Approach of This Work
2.3 Applicatives Outside of Bantu
2.4 Shortcomings of Applicative Definitions
3.1 Definitions and Terminology
3.2 The Problem of Argument Vs. Adjunct in Bantu
3.2.1 Syntactic Objects and Objecthood Diagnostics
3.2.2 The Syntactic Category of Locative Phrases
3.3 Formal and Functional Features of the PB *-ɪd Applicative
4.1 General Considerations and Caveats
4.2 Bantu Type A Applicative Constructions
4.3 Bantu Type B Applicative Constructions
4.4 Bantu Type C Applicative Constructions
4.5 Bantu Type D Applicative Constructions
4.6 Bantu Type E Pseudoapplicative Constructions
4.7 Bantu Applicative Constructions: Summary and Discussion
5.1 Trithart’s (1983) Contribution
5.2 Functions of Type A Applicative Constructions
5.2.1 Beneficiary
5.2.2.1 With Non–Translational Motion Verb Roots
5.2.2.2 With Motion Verb Roots
5.2.2.3 Participant Locative vs. Event Locative
5.3 Functions of Type B Applicative Constructions
5.3.1 Beneficiary
5.3.2 Animate Goal
5.3.3 Instrument
5.4 Functions of Type C Applicative Constructions
5.4.1 Changing the Orientation of a General Location Applied Phrase
5.4.2 Narrow Focus on Location-Related Applied Phrases
5.4.3 Habituality of the Action at a Certain Location
5.5 Functions of Type D Applicative Constructions
6.1 Zone S as a (non)Genetic Unit
6.2 Sound Correspondences Between PB and Tswana
6.3.1 Noun Morphology and Verb Template
6.3.2 Clause Structure and Syntactic Arguments
6.3.3 Obliques
6.3.4 The Tswana Applicative Suffix
6.4 Case Study: Data and Methodology
6.5 Common Lexicalization Paths in Tswana Pseudoapplicatives
6.5.1.1 Agelel [áχ-ɛ́l-ɛ́l] ‘Build/Erect a Fence/Qall/Hedge Around Sthg’
6.5.1.2 Bipel [bíp-ɛ́l] ‘Constipate’
6.5.1.3 Bopelel [bʊ́p-ɛ́l-ɛ́l] ‘Form a Procession/Line, Stand in Line’
6.5.1.4 Gelel [χ-ɛ́l-ɛ́l] ‘Draw, Collect (Liquid)’
6.5.1.5 Huparel [húpárɛ́l] ‘Hold in a Closed Hand’
6.5.1.6 Ngwael [ŋwà-ɛ̀l] ‘Scrub a Skin with a Stone to Soften it’
6.5.1.7 Nnyel [ɲ̀ɲ-ɛ̀l] ‘Efecate’
6.5.1.8 Opel [ɔ́pɛ́l] ‘Sing’
6.5.1.9 phuthel [pʰùtʰ-ɛ̀l] ‘wrap (e.g. a parcel)’
6.5.1.10 Romel [rʊ́m-ɛ́l] ‘Send Sthg’
6.5.1.11 Rwalel [rwál-ɛ́l] ‘Gather Wood for Fire’
6.5.1.12 Rokelel [rʊ́k-ɛ́l-ɛ́l] ‘Fix or Close by Sewing’
6.5.2.1 Abelel [àb-ɛ̀l-ɛ̀l] ‘Guess, Doubt’
6.5.2.2 Akgel [àqʰ-ɛ̀l] ‘Give an Opinion, Comment on’
6.5.2.3 Beelel [bɛ́-ɛ́l-ɛ́l] ‘Reserve, Present Sthg as a Token of Intended Marriage, Betroth, etc.
6.5.2.4 Boelel [bʊ́-ɛ́l-ɛ́l] ‘Repeat, Retake (a Class), Revise (a Lesson), Leave and Return (on the Same Day)’
6.5.2.5 Dupelel [dùp-ɛ̀l-ɛ̀l] ‘Smell Out, Have a Feeling/Intuition, Suspect, Divine Qater with a Stick’
6.5.2.6 Fetel [fɪ̀t-ɛ̀l] ‘Be Infectious, Contagious’
6.5.2.7 Porotlel [pɔ̀rɔ̀tɬ-ɛ̀l] ‘Stutter’
6.5.2.8 Swel [sw-ɛ́l] ‘Be(come) Finished, Concluded, Accomplished, Decided’
6.5.2.9 Tlalel [tɬál-ɛ́l] ‘Make Anxious, etc.’
6.5.2.10 Tswelel [tsw-ɛ̀l-ɛ̀l] ‘Continue, Last’
6.5.2.11 Wel [w-ɛ̀l] ‘Come to an End, be Finished’
6.5.3 Conflation of a Semantic Purpose Argument
6.5.3.1 Emelel [ɛ́m-ɛ́l-ɛ́l] ‘Stand up, Leave, etc.’
6.5.3.2 Gwel [χwɛ́l] ‘Mate, Copulate’
6.5.3.3 Ilel [ìl-ɛ̀l] ‘Show Reverence by Abstaining from Certain Practices, Consider as Sacred’
6.5.3.4 Lalel [lál-ɛ́l] ‘Sup, Have Dinner’
6.5.3.5 Rael [ráɛ́l] ‘Tempt’
6.5.3.6 Rapel [ràpɛ̀l] ‘Pray, Entreat, Beseech’
6.5.3.7 Thulamel [tʰúlám-ɛ́l] ‘Fall Asleep’
6.5.4 Conflation of a Semantic Spatial Goal Argument
6.5.4.2 Kekel [kɛ̀k-ɛ̀l] ‘Spread Unobtrusively over a Large Area’
6.5.4.3 Relel [rɛ̀lɛ̀l] ‘Slip, Escape, fFloat’
6.5.4.4 Thel [tʰɛ̀l] ‘Pour, Flow, Have Diarrhea, Transmit a Contagious dDisease’
6.6 Summary and Observations
7.1 Hypotheses on Applicative *-de in (Proto-)Niger-Congo
7.2 Hypotheses on the Source of the PB Applicative *-ɪd
7.3 Hypotheses on the Original Function(s) of PB *-ɪd
7.4 New Insights on One of the Possible Original Functions of *-ɪd
7.5 PB *ɪd: How Many Suffixes or Reconstructible Functions?
7.5.1 Possible Diachronic Link Between Type A and Type D
7.5.2 Possible Diachronic Link Between Type A and Type C
7.5.3 Diachronic Permutation: Are Types A, C, and D All Related?
8. Conclusions
Appendix A: Abbreviations
Appendix B: Selected Tswana Pseudoapplicative Stems
References
Language Index
Subject Index
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